Class 6 Social Science Chapter 10 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance

Exploring Society: India and Beyond ke Chapter 10, Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance, ke Big Questions, har Let’s Explore activity aur “Questions, activities and projects” ke jawab. Inme se kai charcha wale sawal hain, isliye neeche diye jawab model answers aur ideas hain: inse taiyaari karo, phir apne school, parivaar aur shahar ke udaharan jodo. Short notes: Chapter 10 notes.

The Big Questions (page 149)

1. ‘Governance’ ka kya matlab hai?

Governance matlab faisle lena, samaj ki zindagi ko alag-alag niyamon se chalana, aur pakka karna ki niyam maane jaayein. Jo logon ka samooh ya system ye kaam karta hai, wo government hai, aur uske zyada zaroori niyam laws kehlaate hain. Governance hamesha ke liye fixed nahi hai: samaj ko chalane wale laws aur niyamon mein naagrikon ki bhi baat hoti hai.

2. Hamein government ki zaroorat kyun hai?

Jab bahut log saath rehte hain to asahmati aur avyavastha ho sakti hai, isliye vyavastha aur mel-jol ke liye niyam zaroori hain. Niyam banane aur unka paalan karvane wala koi na ho, to samaj chal nahi sakta. Government:

• niyam aur laws banati hai, aur zaroorat pade to badalti hai;
• police aur doosri agencies ke zariye laws ka paalan karvati hai, aur adaalaton ke zariye law todne waalon ko saza deti hai;
• aisi sevaayein deti hai jo log akele aasaani se nahi kar sakte, jaise sadak, railway, raksha, hospital, school, daak aur aapda mein rescue;
• har samasya ko sahi level pe sambhaalti hai, gaon se lekar poore desh tak.

3. ‘Democracy’ ka kya matlab hai? Ye zaroori kyun hai?

‘Democracy’ Greek shabdon dēmos, ‘log’, aur kratos, ‘raaj’ ya ‘shakti’, se bana hai, isliye iska matlab hai ‘logon ka raaj’. Saare log seedhe raaj nahi kar sakte, isliye naagrik MLAs aur MPs jaise pratinidhi chunte hain, jo unki taraf se laws aur samasyaon pe charcha karte hain. Democracy zaroori hai kyunki:

• log khud chunte hain ki unpe kaun shaasan karega, aur agle chunaav mein alag chun sakte hain;
• naagrikon ki un faislon mein baat hoti hai jo unki zindagi pe asar daalte hain;
• matbhed baatcheet aur bahas se suljhaaye jaate hain, zabardasti se nahi;
• har baalig naagrik ka vote barabar maayne rakhta hai.

Let’s Explore activities

Do tasveerein aur hamare niyam (pages 150–151)

• Fig. 10.1 ki do tasveeron mein fark: Pehli mein ek chauraahe pe traffic lights, zebra crossing, lane ke nishaan aur no-entry ka sign hai; gaadiyan apni lane mein hain aur log footpath pe chalte hain aur zebra crossing se sadak paar karte hain. Doosri mein na lane hai na signal; car, van, cycle aur log sab mile-jule har taraf ja rahe hain, aur bheed aur khatra dikhta hai.
• Niyamon se jod: Pehli tasveer dikhati hai ki jab sab niyam maante hain to sab aaraam se aur surakshit chalta hai. Doosri dikhati hai ki niyam na hon ya koi na maane to avyavastha hoti hai: jam, deri aur durghatnaayein. Samaj chalne ke liye niyam zaroori hain.
• Tumhare school ke niyam aur unhe kisne banaya: Jaise, samay pe aana, uniform pehenna, prarthana sabha mein aana, classroom saaf rakhna, corridor mein na daudna aur library ki kitaabein samay pe lautana. Aise niyam aam taur pe school management, principal aur teachers banate hain, kabhi student council ki salah se, aur kuch education board ya government se aate hain.

Fig. 10.2 mein public sevaayein (page 153)

• Das tasveerein aur government ka role:
  1. Sadak banana: government sadkein banati aur marammat karti hai.
  2. Train: government railway chalati hai.
  3. Border ki baad ke paas sainik: government desh ki seemaon ki raksha karti hai.
  4. Hospital mein doctor aur mareez: government hospital aur health programmes chalati hai.
  5. Gire hue makaanon se ghayal ko le jaati rescue team: government aapda mein fire aur rescue sevaayein bhejti hai.
  6. Traffic policeman: government traffic sambhaalti hai aur law and order banaye rakhti hai.
  7. Supreme Court ki imaarat: government adaalatein aur nyay deti hai.
  8. Classroom: government school chalati hai aur unki madad karti hai.
  9. Post box ke paas daakiya: government daak seva chalati hai.
  10. Bank ke counters pe log: government banking aur paise ki vyavastha pe nazar rakhti hai.
• Rozmarra ki zindagi ke aur hisse jahan government ka role hai: bijli aur paani ki supply, bus, kachra uthana aur saaf sadkein, ration ki dukaan, park, teekakaran, mausam ki chetaavni, hamari jeb ka paisa, aur janm praman patra jaise kaagaz.

Cyber criminals (page 154)

Legislature ne ek naye tarah ka apradh dekha aur cybercrime ke khilaaf laws banaye. Executive ne cyber police ke zariye maamlon ki jaanch ki aur apradhiyon ko giraftaar kiya. Judiciary, yaani adaalaton ne, har case suna, tay kiya ki law toda gaya hai aur apradhiyon ko doshi thehraya, jinpe aksar jurmaana laga aur jail hui. Har organ alag stage pe aaya: law banana, use laagu karna aur uske hisaab se faisla karna.

Agar ek hi samooh teeno organs sambhaale (page 155)

Agar ek hi samooh laws banaye, unhe laagu kare aur har case ka faisla bhi kare, to uski power pe koi rok nahi hogi. Wo apne fayde ke laws bana sakta hai, jise chahe giraftaar kar sakta hai, aur har case mein khud ko sahi bata sakta hai, aur aam logon ke paas jaane ke liye koi jagah nahi hogi. Ye aise khel jaisa hai jisme ek hi khiladi niyam banata hai, khelta hai aur referee bhi hai. Itihaas mein kai rajaon aur taanashahon ke paas ye saari powers ek saath thi, aur logon ko aksar anyaay sehna pada. Isiliye checks and balances ke saath separation of powers zaroori hai.

Table aur aas-paas ke bade log (page 156)

• Wo kaam jo tumhari zindagi pe sabse zyada asar daalte hain: Student ke liye aam taur pe shiksha (Central aur State dono lists mein), public health, police aur law and order, aur communications sabse zaroori hain; kheti wale parivaar ke liye kheti aur sinchai; aur currency har us insaan pe asar daalti hai jo kuch khareedta ya bechta hai.
• Bade logon se government ke saath unke kaam ke baare mein poochhna: Jawab alag honge. Jaise: local body mein janm praman patra banwana ya property tax bharna (local level); ration card ya driving licence banwana (State level); passport ke liye apply karna (Central level); teeno levels ke chunaavon mein vote dena. Har jawab ke saath uska level aur maqsad likho, aur classmates se milaao.

Questions, activities and projects (page 161)

1. Democracy ka kya matlab hai? Direct democracy aur representative democracy mein kya fark hai?

Democracy matlab ‘logon ka raaj’ (Greek dēmos, log, aur kratos, raaj se). Direct democracy mein har insaan har faisle pe khud vote karta hai, jaise jab class haath utha ke picnic ki jagah chunti hai. Representative democracy mein log pratinidhi chunte hain jo unki taraf se charcha aur faisle karte hain, jaise jab class principal se baat karne ke liye monitor chunti hai. Direct democracy chhote samooh ke liye chalti hai; India jaisa bada desh, jisme 2024 mein lagbhag 970 million voters the, representative democracy hai jisme naagrik MLAs aur MPs chunte hain.

2. Government ke teen organs yaad karo. Unke alag-alag role kya hain?

• Legislature: naye laws banati hai aur purane badalti ya hatati hai. Ye logon ke pratinidhiyon ki sabha hai: desh mein Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha, aur State mein Vidhan Sabha.
• Executive: laws laagu karti hai. Isme government ka head (Prime Minister ya Chief Minister), mantri aur police jaisi agencies aati hain; President aur Governors iske nominal head hain.
• Judiciary: adaalaton ka system, Supreme Court se High Courts tak. Ye tay karti hai ki law toda gaya ya nahi aur aage kya ho, aur jaanchti hai ki executive ke faisle aur laws sahi hain ya nahi.

Teeno alag rakhe jaate hain par saath kaam karte hain, taaki har ek baaki pe nazar rakh sake.

3. Hamein government ke teen tiers ki zaroorat kyun hai?

Alag samasyaein alag levels pe sambhaalni padti hain. Local maamle logon ke paas wali local government sabse achhe se sambhaalti hai; poore State ke maamle, jaise police, public health aur kheti, State government; aur poore desh ke maamle, jaise raksha, videsh maamle aur currency, Central government. Samasya badhti hai to upar jaati hai: chhoti baadh local level pe sambhalti hai, badi State sambhaalta hai, aur bahut badi mein Centre bhi madad karta hai. Teen tiers aam naagrikon ko ghar ke paas hissa lene ka mauka bhi dete hain, jo grassroots democracy ka idea hai.

4. Project: COVID-19 lockdown

Project ke liye ek model plan. Ghar ke bade logon se baat karo aur jo yaad hai wo likho.

Us samay uthaaye gaye kadam: lockdown jisme log ghar pe rahe aur sirf zaroori dukaanein khuli; yatra band hui; school aur office band hue aur classes online hui; mask aur doori zaroori ki gayi; testing, quarantine aur hospital beds ka intezaam hua; zarooratmand logon ko khaana aur ration diya gaya; aur baad mein teekakaran hua.

Kaun se tiers jude the:

• Central government: poore desh mein lockdown aur niyamon ki ghoshna ki, supplies aur baad mein vaccines ka intezaam kiya.
• State governments: police ke zariye lockdown laagu kiya, hospital aur testing chalaye, aur ration baanta.
• Local governments: sadkon ki safaai aur disinfection ki, quarantine centres banaye, khaana baantne mein madad ki, aur gaon aur shaharon mein jaagrukta failaayi.

Har organ ka role:

• Legislature: emergency mein zaroori laws banaye ya badle. (Extra: 2020 mein health workers ke saath hinsa ko saza layak banane ke liye ek law badla gaya.)
• Executive: lockdown ke niyam banaye aur laagu kiye, health sevaayein aur raahat chalayi, aur teekakaran karvaaya.
• Judiciary: adaalatein chalti rahin, kai online sunvaai ke zariye, aur lockdown ke dauraan logon ki pareshaaniyon ke maamle sune.