Class 6 Social Science Chapter 10: Grassroots Democracy — Part 1: Governance (Hinglish Notes)

Niyam kyun zaroori hain?

Log bahut lambe samay se samudaayon mein rehte aaye hain, aur jab bahut log saath rehte hain to asahmati aur avyavastha ho sakti hai. Niyam vyavastha aur mel-jol banaye rakhte hain. Ghar, school, pariksha, sadak aur kaam ki jagah, sab jagah niyam hain, aur kaam dene wale bhi un niyamon ko maante hain jinka wada unhone kaam karne waalon se kiya hai. Do chauraahe socho: ek pe traffic lights, zebra crossing aur footpath hain, aur sab unka paalan karte hain; doosre pe gaadiyan, cycle aur log har taraf ja rahe hain. Niyamon ke bina samaj chal hi nahi sakta.

Governance aur government kya hain?

Faisle lene, samaj ki zindagi ko alag-alag niyamon se chalane, aur niyam maane jaayein ye pakka karne ki prakriya governance kehlaati hai. Jo logon ka samooh ya system niyam banata hai aur unka paalan karvata hai, wo government hai. Uske zyada zaroori niyam laws kehlaate hain. Laws hamesha ke liye fixed nahi hote: naagrikon ki unme baat hoti hai, jaise students school se koi niyam badalne ko keh sakte hain.

Government hamare liye kya karti hai?

Rozmarra ki zindagi ke lagbhag har kone mein government ka haath hai. Wo sadkein banati hai aur railway chalati hai, border ki raksha karti hai, hospital chalati hai, aapda mein fire aur rescue teams bhejti hai, traffic sambhaalti hai, adaalatein aur school chalati hai, daak pahunchati hai aur banking pe nazar rakhti hai. Aas-paas dekho to bijli, paani, bus aur bahut kuch mein ye milegi.

Government ke teen organs

Digital money transfer ne money order aur demand draft ki jagah le li, par isse aise cybercriminals bhi paida hue jo bina apni kursi chhode logon ka paisa chura lete hain. Governments ne cybercrime ke khilaaf naye laws banaye, cyber police ne kuch apradhiyon ko pakda, aur adaalaton ne unhe doshi thehraya, aksar jurmaane aur kuch saal ki jail ke saath. Isme teeno organs kaam karte dikhte hain:

• Legislature naye laws banati hai, aur purane badalti ya hatati hai. Ye logon ke pratinidhiyon ki sabha hai.
• Executive laws laagu karti hai. Isme government ka head (president, prime minister ya chief minister), mantri, aur law and order laagu karne wali agencies, jaise police, aati hain.
• Judiciary adaalaton ka system hai. Ye tay karti hai ki kisi ne law toda ya nahi aur aage kya ho, saza bhi, aur ye dekh sakti hai ki executive ka koi faisla ya koi law sabke liye sahi hai ya nahi.

Achhi governance ke system mein teeno organs alag rakhe jaate hain, halaanki wo saath kaam karte hain. Ye separation of powers checks and balances banata hai: har organ doosron pe nazar rakh sakta hai aur agar koi apni had se aage jaaye to santulan wapas la sakta hai. Aur padho government ke teen organs mein.

Government ke teen levels

Har democratic government ek se zyada levels pe kaam karti hai, aur India mein, kai deshon ki tarah, teen levels hain: shahar ya gaon ke liye local government, State government, aur Central ya Union government. Har level alag maamle dekhta hai. Ghar mein bulb na jale to pehle tum bulb aur switch dekhte ho, phir electrician bulaate ho, aur tab jaake Electricity Board mein shikaayat karte ho. Isi tarah chhoti baadh local adhikaari sambhaalte hain, kai shaharon aur gaonon mein baadh aaye to State ki rescue teams aati hain, aur bahut badi baadh mein Centre se sena aur raahat saamagri aa sakti hai. Aur padho government ke levels mein.

Desh aur State ki government

Organ	Desh ka level	State ka level
Judiciary	Supreme Court of India	High Court
Legislature	Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha	Vidhan Sabha (kuch States mein do houses)
Executive	President (nominal head), Prime Minister (executive head)	Governor (nominal head), Chief Minister (executive head)

President Indian Armed Forces ke Supreme Commander bhi hain. Central government raksha, videsh maamle, atomic energy, communications, currency, States ke beech vyapaar, shiksha aur rashtriya neetiyon jaise maamle dekhti hai. State government police aur law and order, State mein Central laws laagu karna, public health, shiksha, kheti, sinchai aur local government dekhti hai. Shiksha dono lists mein hai.

Democracy kya hai?

Democracy shabd Greek ke dēmos, ‘log’, aur kratos, ‘raaj’ ya ‘shakti’ se bana hai, isliye iska matlab hai ‘logon ka raaj’. Saare log ek saath raaj nahi kar sakte, jaise poori class ek problem lekar principal ke paas nahi ja sakti. Class apna monitor bhejti hai; naagrik pratinidhi chunte hain: States mein Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) aur desh ke level pe Members of Parliament (MPs). Ye laws aur samasyaon pe charcha karte hain aur baatcheet aur bahas se ek doosre ko samjhaate hain. India aisi hi representative democracy hai, aur duniya ki sabse badi, 2024 mein lagbhag 970 million voters ke saath. 18 saal ya usse zyada umar ke Indian naagrikon ko vote dene ka adhikaar hai.

Jab class haath utha ke picnic ki jagah chunti hai, to har student seedhe vote karta hai: ye direct democracy hai. Grassroots democracy aisa system hai jo aam naagrikon ko, jo poore dhaanche ki neenv hain, hissa lene aur unhe prabhavit karne wale faislon mein apni baat rakhne ka mauka aur badhaava deta hai.

Mottos aur ek prerna dene wale President

Government of India ka motto Satyameva Jayate, ‘Satya hi jeetta hai’, hai, aur Supreme Court ka Yato Dharmastato Jayah, ‘Jahan dharma hai, wahan jeet hai’. Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, ‘Missile Man of India’, jo 1931 mein Rameswaram mein paida hue, 2002 se 2007 tak India ke 11ve President rahe. President nominal head hote hain, phir bhi unhone laakhon yuvaon ko bade sapne dekhne aur mehnat karne ki prerna di. Chapter ke har sawal ka jawab Chapter 10 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.