Government ke teen organs kaun se hain?

Aaj ka udaharan: cybercrime

Lagbhag 30 saal pehle tak door ke kisi rishtedaar ko paisa bhejne ke liye post office ki line mein lag ke money order ka form bharna padta tha, aur kisi business ko payment karne ke liye bank se demand draft banwa ke post karna padta tha. Aaj paisa digital tareeke se turant pahunch jaata hai. Par isse ek naye tarah ke apradhi bhi paida hue, jo bina kursi chhode logon ki mehnat ki kamaai digital tareeke se chura lete hain. Aise apradh cybercrime kehlaate hain.

Kai governments ne cybercrime se ladne ke liye naye laws banaye. Kuch cybercriminals pakde gaye, aur adaalaton ne unhe doshi thehraya; aksar unpe jurmaana lagta hai aur kuch saal ki jail hoti hai. Is kahaani mein government ke teen alag hisson ne kaam kiya. Yahi government ki teen shaakhaayein, ya organs, hain.

Legislature: laws banana

Legislature naye laws banati hai, jise ‘legislate’ karna kehte hain. Kabhi-kabhi ye purane laws badalti ya hatati hai. Ye logon ke pratinidhiyon ki sabha hai. India mein:

• desh ke level pe do houses, Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha, desh ke laws banate hain;
• State mein State Assembly ya Vidhan Sabha laws banati hai. Zyada States mein ek hi assembly hai; kuch mein do hain.

House aisi sabha hai jahan laws pe charcha hoti hai ya wo paas hote hain. Cybercrime ki kahaani mein legislature ne cybercrime ke khilaaf naye laws banaye.

Executive: laws laagu karna

Executive laws laagu karti hai, yaani ‘execute’ karti hai. Isme government ka head aata hai, jo president, prime minister ya chief minister ho sakta hai, mantri aate hain, aur law and order laagu karne wali agencies aati hain. Cybercrime ki kahaani mein wo agency cyber police hai.

India mein Central executive ko President of India chalate hain, jo nominal head aur Indian Armed Forces ke Supreme Commander hain, aur Prime Minister executive head hain. State ki executive ko Governor chalate hain, jo uske nominal head hain, aur Chief Minister executive head hain. Nominal matlab ‘sirf naam ka’: President aur Governors ke paas khaas haalaat mein kuch powers hoti hain, par aam taur pe wo government ke kaam mein dakhal nahi dete.

Judiciary: faisla karna aur jaanchna

Judiciary adaalaton ka system hai. Ye tay karti hai ki kisi ne law toda ya nahi, aur toda to kya kiya jaaye, zaroorat ho to saza bhi. Kabhi-kabhi ye ye bhi jaanchti hai ki executive ka koi faisla sahi hai ya nahi, ya legislature ka banaya law achhi tarah socha hua aur sabke liye nyaypurn hai ya nahi. Supreme Court of India poore desh ki sabse oonchi adaalat hai, aur har State ka ek High Court hai. Cybercrime ki kahaani mein adaalaton ne apradhiyon ko doshi thehraya.

Teeno organs saath kaise kaam karte hain

Har organ alag stage pe aage aata hai. Legislature law banati hai, executive use laagu karti hai, aur judiciary us law ke hisaab se har case ka faisla karti hai.

Separation of powers

Achhi governance ke system mein teeno organs alag rakhne chahiye, halaanki wo aapas mein milte-julte aur saath kaam karte hain. Ise separation of powers kehte hain. Isse checks and balances ka system milta hai: har organ doosron ke kaam pe nazar rakh sakta hai aur agar koi apni had se aage jaaye to santulan wapas la sakta hai.

Ek aise khel ke baare mein socho jisme ek hi khiladi niyam banata hai, khelta bhi hai aur referee bhi hai. Wo jeetne ke liye niyam badal sakta hai aur har faisla apne haq mein de sakta hai. Agar ek hi samooh government ke teeno organs sambhaale, to yahi khatra hai: wo galat laws bana sakta hai, unhe apni marzi se laagu kar sakta hai aur apne hi case ka faisla kar sakta hai. Alag organs isse rokte hain.

Do levels pe teeno organs

Organ	Desh ka level	State ka level
Legislature	Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha	Vidhan Sabha (kuch States mein do houses)
Executive	President (nominal head) aur Prime Minister (executive head)	Governor (nominal head) aur Chief Minister (executive head)
Judiciary	Supreme Court of India	High Court

Government teen levels pe bhi kaam karti hai: local, State aur Central. Aur padho government ke levels mein.