Metal oxides acidic hote hain ya basic?

Aam taur pe basic. Magnesium ka ribbon jalne pe hawa ki oxygen se milkar magnesium oxide banaata hai, ek safed powder. Garam paani mein milaane pe iska ghol laal litmus paper ko neela kar deta hai. Sulfur dioxide jaise non-metals ke oxides iske ulat acidic hote hain.

Phosphorus ko paani mein kyun rakhte hain?

Phosphorus, ek non-metal, hawa ke sampark mein aate hi aag pakad leta hai, isliye use paani ke neeche rakha jaata hai, jo hawa ko door rakhta hai. Isi tarah sodium, ek metal jo oxygen aur paani se tez reaction karke bahut garmi deta hai, kerosene ke neeche rakha jaata hai.

Non-metals kyun zaroori hain?

Hum oxygen saans mein lete hain aur iske bina jee nahi sakte. Carbon har jeev ki neenv hai, jo proteins, fats aur carbohydrates mein hai. Nitrogen se khaad banti hai aur ye paudhon ko badhne mein madad karti hai. Chlorine peene ka paani saaf karti hai, aur iodine ka ghol zakhmon pe antiseptic ki tarah lagaaya jaata hai.

Metal aur non-metal oxides: acidic ya basic?

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Metals aur hawa

Nam hawa mein iron ko dheere-dheere jang lagta hai, par kuch metals hawa ki oxygen se kahin tezi se reaction karte hain, khaas kar garam karne pe. Ve kya banaate hain, aur ye non-metals ke banaaye se kaise alag hai, isse dono samoohon ko pehchaanne ka ek aur tareeka milta hai.

Magnesium jalaana

Activity 4.6 mein, jo teacher dikhaate hain jabki vidyaarthi suraksha chashme pehenkar door rehte hain, 3 se 4 cm ka magnesium ribbon sandpaper se saaf karke chimte se pakda jaata hai aur spirit lamp ya mombatti ki lau mein jalaaya jaata hai. Ye chaundhiya dene waali safed lau se jalta hai aur safed powder ban jaata hai, jise watch glass pe ikattha karte hain. Ye powder magnesium oxide hai, jo magnesium ke hawa ki oxygen se milne pe banta hai. Ismein garam paani ki kuch boondein milaakar litmus se jaancha jaata hai: ye laal litmus paper ko neela karta hai, isliye ye basic hai. Metals ke oxides aam taur pe basic hote hain. Is jalne ko physical aur chemical badlaav waale chapter mein phir padhoge.

Chaar kadam: magnesium ribbon jalaao, safed powder ikattha karo, garam paani milaao, aur litmus se jaancho: laal neela hota hai — Magnesium oxide basic hai

Sodium: kerosene mein

Sodium ek metal hai jo oxygen aur paani se tez reaction karke bahut garmi deta hai. Nami aur hawa se door rakhne ke liye ise kerosene ke neeche rakha jaata hai. Metal hone ki vajah se sodium ka oxide basic hota hai.

Kerosene ke neeche rakha sodium aur paani ke neeche rakha phosphorus — Hawa se door

Sulfur jalaana

Activity 4.7 bhi teacher ka pradarshan hai, jo fume hood ya hawaadaar kamre mein hota hai kyunki jalta sulfur nuksaandeh gases chhodta hai. Sulfur powder ko deflagrating spoon mein garam kiya jaata hai, jo padaarthon ko surakshit jalaane ka lambe handle waala metal ka chammach hai (taar lapeta bottle ka dhakkan bhi kaam karta hai). Aag pakadte hi chammach ko gas jar mein daalkar jar dhak diya jaata hai. 3 se 4 minute baad chammach nikaalkar thoda paani daala jaata hai, aur jar band karke hilaaya jaata hai taaki gas ghul jaaye. Ghol neele litmus ko laal karta hai, isliye ye acidic hai. Sulfur jalne se sulfur dioxide gas banti hai, aur paani mein ghuli sulfur dioxide sulfurous acid banaati hai.

Dhake jar mein sulfur jalaao, sulfur dioxide bani, paani daalkar hilaao, aur litmus se jaancho: neela laal hota hai — Sulfur dioxide acid banaati hai

Sulfur aur paani

Activity 4.8 mein gilaas mein thode paani mein sulfur powder daala jaata hai. Kuch nahi hota: sulfur paani se reaction nahi karta. Non-metals aam taur pe paani se reaction nahi karte.

Non-metal kya hai

Sulfur aur phosphorus hawa aur paani ke saath metals se alag vyavhaar karte hain. Phosphorus hawa mein aag pakad leta hai, isliye paani ke neeche rakha jaata hai. Aise padaarth aam taur pe naram aur dhundhle hote hain, na malleable na ductile, takraane pe khanakte nahi, aur garmi aur bijli kharaab guzaarte hain. Ye non-metals hain, aur inke oxides acidic hote hain. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen aur carbon bhi non-metals hain. Plastic, kaanch, lakdi, rubber aur kaagaz na metal hain na non-metal, kyunki ve elements nahi hain. Element wo padaarth hai jise aur saral padaarthon mein toda na ja sake; lagbhag 118 jaane jaate hain, kuch prakritik aur kuch sirf prayogshaala mein bane.

Elements: iron aur copper jaise metals, oxygen aur sulfur jaise non-metals; plastic, kaanch, lakdi, rubber aur kaagaz elements nahi — Elements, aur kya nahi

Jin non-metals ki zaroorat hai

Metals nazar khinchte hain, par non-metals bhi utne hi zaroori hain. Hum oxygen saans mein lete hain aur iske bina jee nahi sakte. Carbon har jeev ki neenv hai, proteins, fats aur carbohydrates ka mukhya hissa. Nitrogen se khaad aur rasayan bante hain, aur paudhon ko badhne ke liye iski zaroorat hai. Chlorine paani saaf karne mein, aur iodine ka ghol zakhmon pe antiseptic ki tarah lagta hai.

Saans ke liye oxygen, jeevan ke liye carbon, khaad mein nitrogen, saaf paani ke liye chlorine aur antiseptic iodine — Jin non-metals ke bina kaam nahi chalta

Metals aur alloys, yaani do ya zyaada metals ya metal aur non-metal ke mishran, jaise steel, bartano aur auzaaron mein aur lagbhag har industry mein kaam aate hain. Khaas metals khaas kaam karte hain: atomic energy mein zirconium aur aerospace mein titanium. Bharat mein kai metals, khaas kar iron aur aluminium, kachra kam karne ke liye recycle kiye jaate hain.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Elements hawa aur paani se kaise reaction karte hain, ye jaanne se pata chalta hai ki unhe surakshit kaise rakhein aur kaise use karein. Metals ke physical gun metals aur non-metals ki properties mein, aur nam hawa se iron ka dheema reaction metals mein jang kyun lagta hai mein hai. Har activity aur sawaal ka jawab Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 4 ke notes bhi dekho.