Class 6 Social Science Chapter 7: India's Cultural Roots (Hinglish Notes)

Kai jadein, ek tana

Chapter ek kahaavat se shuru hota hai ki sachcha gyaan sabse bada dhan hai, kyunki use koi chura nahi sakta aur wo use karne se badhta hai. Bharatiya sanskriti kai hazaar saal purani hai, aur ek purane ped ki tarah uski kai jadein ek saanjhe tane ko seenchti hain. Us tane se kai shaakhayein nikalti hain: kala, sahitya, vigyaan, chikitsa, dharm, shaasan, martial arts aur kai schools of thought, yaani milte-julte vichaar rakhne waale vichaarakon ya seekers ke samooh. Kuch jadein Chapter 6 ki Harappan civilisation tak jaati hain.

Vedas

‘Veda’ Sanskrit ke vid, yaani ‘gyaan’, se bana hai. Chaar Vedas, Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda aur Atharva Veda, India ke sabse purane texts hain aur duniya ke sabse purane texts mein se hain. Inme hazaaron hymns hain, kavita aur geet ke roop mein prarthanayein, jinhe Sapta Sindhava ilaake mein rishiyon aur rishikaon, yaani purush aur mahila drashtaon, ne Sanskrit ke ek shuruaati roop mein racha. Rig Veda ke liye experts ki taareekhein 5th se 2nd millennium BCE tak hain. 100 se 200 peedhiyon tak ye hymns yaad karke, lagbhag bina badlaav ke, zubaani aage badhe; isiliye 2008 mein UNESCO ne Vedic chanting ko maanyata di.

Hymns Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Sarasvati aur Ushas jaise devtaon ko sambodhit hain, jo rishiyon ke saath ritam, yaani satya aur vyavastha, banaaye rakhte the. Phir bhi rishi unhe ek hi maante the: ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti, yaani jo hai wo ek hai, par rishi use kai naam dete hain. Satya ek mukhya moolya tha, aur Rig Veda ke aakhri mantra logon se ek mann aur ek uddeshya ke saath saath aane ko kehte hain.

Vedic samaaj

Shuruaati Vedic samaaj janas yaani kulon mein rehta tha; sirf Rig Veda 30 se zyaada janas ginaata hai, jaise Bharatas, Purus, Kurus, Yadus aur Turvashas, har ek northwest ke kisi ilaake se juda. Unke shaasan ke baare mein kam pata hai, par raja (shaasak), sabha aur samiti (sabhayein) jaise shabd sanket dete hain. Texts kai peshon ka zikr karte hain, jaise kisaan, bunkar, kumhaar, raajmistri, badhai, vaidya, nartak, naai aur pujaari.

Vedic schools of thought

Devtaon, khaas kar Agni, ko yajna naam ke anushthaan arpit hote the, jo samay ke saath jatil hote gaye. Upanishads ne Vedas par aage badhkar punarjanm aur karma ke vichaar diye. Vedanta naam ke school mein sab kuch ek divya saar, brahman, hai, aur har jeev mein basa atman usi se ek hai: aham brahmasmi, ‘main brahman hoon’, aur tat tvam asi, ‘tum wahi ho’. Isliye sab kuch juda hai, aur isi se prarthana aati hai sarve bhavantu sukhinah, ‘sab jeev sukhi hon’. 1st millennium BCE ki shuruaat mein Vedas se aur schools bane, jaise Yoga; milkar ye us cheez ki neev bane jise aaj hum Hinduism kehte hain. Upanishad ki kahaniyan, Shvetaketu, Nachiketa, aur Gargi aur Yajnavalkya ki, sawaal poochhne ka mahatva batati hain. Aur padho Vedas kya hain? mein.

Buddhism aur Jainism

Kuch schools ne Vedas ki authority nahi maani. Lumbini (aaj Nepal) mein janme raajkumaar Siddhartha Gautama ne budhaapa, beemari aur maut dekhi, 29 saal ki umar mein mahal chhoda, aur Bodh Gaya mein peepal ke ped ke neeche dhyaan ke baad samjha ki avidya (agyaan) aur moh dukh ki jad hain. ‘Jaage hue’ Buddha ke roop mein unhone ahimsa, yaani ‘chot na pahunchaana’, aur sachcha bheetari anushaasan sikhaaya, aur bhikshuon aur baad mein bhikshuniyon ka Sangha banaaya.

Vaishali (Bihar) ke paas early 6th century BCE mein janme Vardhamana ne 30 saal ki umar mein ghar chhoda aur 12 saal ke anushaasan ke baad Mahavira, yaani ‘mahaan veer’, bane. Jainism, jiski jadein aur bhi purani maani jaati hain, sabhi jeevon ke prati ahimsa, anekantavada (satya ke kai pehlu) aur aparigraha (non-possession) sikhaata hai. Jataka kathayein aur Jain kahaniyan ye moolya saral tareeke se sikhaati hain. Dono ke bhikshu aur bhikshuniyan door-door gaye, math banaaye aur chattaan mein kati gufaon mein rahe, jaise Ellora mein, jahan 6th se 10th century CE ke beech kati gufayein Hindu, Buddhist aur Jain hain. Aur padho Buddhism aur Jainism mein.

Aur bhi schools the, jaise Charvaka ya Lokayata, jo maanta tha ki sirf bhautik duniya hai; ye tika nahi. Book in sabko dharm nahi balki schools of thought kehti hai, kyunki inke darshanik, spiritual, dhaarmik, naitik aur saamaajik kai pehlu hain. Inme farq the, par ek saanjha tana tha: dharma, karma, punarjanm, aur dukh aur agyaan ke ant ki khoj.

Folk aur tribal jadein

India mein samriddh maukhik paramparayein bhi hain: aam logon ki folk paramparayein aur tribes ki tribal paramparayein. Purane India mein ‘tribe’ ke liye koi shabd nahi tha; tribes bas jangalon ya pahaadon mein rehne waale janas the, aur Constitution ‘tribes’ ya janjati kehta hai. 2011 mein India mein 705 tribes thin, lagbhag 10.4 crore log. Devta, vichaar, kathayein aur rasmein dono taraf gayi: Puri ke Jagannath shuru mein ek tribal devta the, jabki kuch tribes ke paas Mahabharata aur Ramayana ke apne roop hain. Folk, tribal aur Hindu paramparayein prakriti ko pavitra maanti hain, aur kai tribes ek param devta ko poojti hain, jaise Donyipolo, Khandoba ya Singbonga. Samaajshaastri Andre Beteille ne kaha ki ye itihaas se pehle se ek doosre ko prabhaavit karte rahe hain; nateeja hai aapsi samriddhi.

Har sawaal ka jawab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.