Buddhism aur Jainism

Naye schools of thought

1st millennium BCE mein kuch schools Vedas se bane, jabki kuch ne Vedas ki authority nahi maani aur apne tareeke banaaye. Inme sabse prabhaavshaali the Buddhism aur Jainism.

Buddha

Lagbhag dhaai hazaar saal pehle Lumbini, jo aaj Nepal mein hai, mein Siddhartha Gautama naam ke raajkumaar ka janm hua. Sahi saal par scholars ek mat nahi; Chapter 4 ne lagbhag 560 BCE liya. Wo mahal mein surakshit zindagi jeete hue bade hue. 29 saal ki umar mein, city mein rath se ghoomte hue, unhone pehli baar ek boodha aadmi, ek beemar aadmi aur ek laash dekhi, aur ek sanyaasi bhi, jo khush aur shaant lag raha tha. Unhone mahal ki zindagi chhodi aur paidal ghoomkar dukh ki jad dhoondhne lage. Bodh Gaya (Bihar) mein peepal ke ped ke neeche kai din dhyaan ke baad unhe gyaan mila: avidya, yaani agyaan, aur moh insaani dukh ki jad hain, aur unhone inhe door karne ka tareeka socha. Wo Buddha, yaani ‘jaage hue’, kehlaaye.

Unhone ahimsa sikhaayi, jiska anuvaad aksar ‘non-violence’ hota hai par asal matlab ‘chot na pahunchaana’ hai, aur sachcha bheetari anushaasan. Ek kathan mein wo samjhaate hain ki pavitra nadiyon mein nahaane se koi pavitra nahi hota; pavitrata satya aur dharma mein hai, aur khud ko jeetna hazaaron ko yuddh mein jeetne se bada hai. Unhone Sangha banaaya, bhikshuon aur baad mein bhikshuniyon ka samudaay, aur unka prabhaav poore Asia mein phaila.

Jataka kathayein Buddha ke pichhle janmon ki kahaniyan hain. Ek mein bandaron ka raja apne shareer ko pul bana deta hai taaki uske bandar raja ke sainikon se bachkar nadi paar kar sakein; chot se uski maut ho jaati hai, aur dekhne waala raja seekhta hai ki shaasak ka apni praja ke prati kya farz hai.

Mahavira

Jainism usi samay phaila, haalaanki uski jadein aur purani maani jaati hain. Vardhamana early 6th century BCE mein Vaishali (Bihar) ke paas ek shaahi parivaar mein janme. 30 saal ki umar mein unhone spiritual gyaan ki khoj mein ghar chhoda, aur 12 saal ke kathin anushaasan ke baad ‘anant gyaan’ paaya. Wo Mahavira, yaani ‘mahaan veer’, kehlaaye. ‘Jain’ shabd jina se bana, yaani ‘jeetne waala’: zameen ya dushmanon ko nahi, balki agyaan aur moh ko jeetne waala.

Jain seekh mein hai:

• Ahimsa: kisi bhi saans lene waale, jeete jeev ko maarna, chot pahunchaana, sataana ya bhagaana nahi chahiye.
• Anekantavada: ‘sirf ek nahi’ nazariya; satya ke kai pehlu hain aur koi ek kathan use poora nahi pakadta.
• Aparigraha: ‘non-possession’; sirf wahi rakho jo sach mein zaroori hai.

Jainism ye bhi kehta hai ki insaan se lekar na dikhne waale sookshm jeevon tak, sab ek doosre par nirbhar hain. Ek Jain kahaani mein Rohineya, ek chaalaak chor, Mahavira ke pravachan ke kuch shabd sun leta hai, unki madad se mantri ke jaal se bachta hai, phir pachhtaata hai, gunaah maanta hai, chori ka maal lautaata hai aur bhikshu ban jaata hai: sahi soch zaroori hai, aur har kisi ko doosra mauka milna chahiye.

Vichaar mein ahimsa

Dono schools mein ahimsa ka matlab sirf kisi insaan ya jaanwar ko chot na pahunchaana nahi hai. Iska matlab vichaar mein hinsa se bachna bhi hai, jaise kisi ke liye bure bhaav, khud ke liye bhi. Aise vichaaron ko pehchaanna unhe achhe vichaaron mein badalne ka pehla kadam hai.

Seekh ka phailna

Buddhist aur Jain bhikshu, aur kabhi bhikshuniyan bhi, door-door tak gaye. Kuch ne door ki jagahon par math banaaye; kuch chattaan mein kati gufaon mein rahe, jahan patthar ke bistaron ke paas bhikshuon ke naam tak mile hain. Ellora (Maharashtra) mein 6th se 10th century CE ke beech kati gufayein Hindu, Buddhist aur Jain hain.

Alag hote hue bhi Vedic, Buddhist aur Jain schools mein dharma, karma, punarjanm, aur dukh aur agyaan ke ant ki khoj jaise vichaar saanjhe the. Vedic schools ke baare mein padho Vedas kya hain? mein. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 7 ke notes.