Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 1 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: The Story of Indian Farming

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 Part 2 (2026-27) ke Chapter 1, The Story of Indian Farming, ke “Questions and activities” ke jawab, saath mein Big Questions aur Think About It aur Let’s Explore boxes bhi. Page numbers Part 2 book ke hisaab se hain. Jo kaam tumhari jagah pe depend karte hain, unke sample jawab hain jinhe apne state ke hisaab se badal sakte ho. Short notes: Part 2 Chapter 1 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 1)

1. Indian kheti ki mukhya khaasiyatein kya hain? Ye paramparik aur aadhunik tareeke milaati hai; India mein kai tarah ke mausam aur mitti hone se bahut tarah ki fasalein ugti hain; ye monsoon se tay teen mausamon (kharif, rabi aur zaid) pe chalti hai; zyaadatar khet chhote parivaar ke khet hain, average lagbhag teen-chauthaai hectare; bahut saara kaam auratein karti hain; aur kisaan parivaar jaanwar bhi paalte hain, ped ugaate hain aur machhli ya madhumakkhi bhi rakhte hain. Ye India ke lagbhag 46% kaamgaaron ko rozgaar deti hai.

2. Kheti, mausam, mitti aur paani aapas mein kaise jude hain? Mausam tay karta hai ki fasal kab ugegi: kharif fasalon ko garam, baarish waala monsoon chahiye aur rabi ko thandi sardi. Mitti tay karti hai ki kaunsi fasal achhi ugegi aur unke liye kitna paani rukega; black mitti nami rokti hai, isliye kapaas ke liye theek hai. Paani, baarish ya sinchai se, tay karta hai ki kuch ug bhi sakta hai ya nahi; Tamil Nadu saal bhar chawal ugaata hai kyunki use do monsoon aur sinchai milti hai. Har ek doosre pe asar daalta hai: zyaada pumping se groundwater girta hai, aur khaali dhalaan pe tez baarish mitti baha le jaati hai.

3. Paramparik aur aaj ke tareeke ek doosre ke poorak kaise ban sakte hain? Khaad, crop rotation, terraces, khet ke taalaab aur sambhaale hue beej jaise paramparik tareeke kam kharch mein mitti aur paani ko swasth rakhte hain. High-yielding beej, drip sinchai, drone aur mausam ki jaankari jaise naye auzaar upaj aur sateekta badhaate hain. Saath mein ye achha kaam karte hain: khet ke taalaab se chalne waale drip pipes, bade paimaane pe bane neem waale pesticides, ya beejamrit jaise paramparik tareeke jinhe ICAR ke vaigyanikon ne test karke behtar banaaya.

Think about it: kisan kaun hai? (page 2)

“Kisan” sunte hi kai log ek aadmi ki tasveer sochte hain. Asal mein gaon ke India mein kheti mein kaam karne waalon mein 75% se zyaada auratein hain (2025), aur bowai se katai aur gahaai tak zyaadatar kaam wahi karti hain. Indian kisan ki sahi tasveer mein auratein bhi honi chahiye.

Let’s Explore: thaali ka khaana (page 3)

Uttar Pradesh ke ek parivaar ka sample jawab:

Khaane ka group	Udaharan
Anaaj	gehun (roti), chawal
Daalen	arhar, moong, chana
Tel	sarson ka tel
Sabziyan	aaloo, matar, phoolgobhi, paalak
Phal	aam, amrood, kela

Inme se zyaadatar Uttar Pradesh mein aur uske aas-paas ugte hain, kyunki Ganga ke maidaan mein upjaau alluvial mitti hai, gehun, sarson aur matar jaisi rabi fasalon ke liye thandi sardi hai, aur chawal jaisi kharif fasalon ke liye monsoon ki baarish ya sinchai hai. Naariyal, chaay, elaichi aur kaaju doosri jagahon se aate hain. Unhe garam, nam tat ya baarish waali pahaadi dhalaan aur alag mitti chahiye, jo maidaan mein nahi hai.

Let’s Explore: lagaataar do kamzor monsoon (page 7)

Sabse zyaada nuksaan kharif fasalon ko hoga, isliye ye cheezein khaane se gaayab ya mehngi ho sakti hain: chawal, arhar, moong aur urad jaisi daalen, moongphali aur doosre khaane ke tel, bajra aur jowar jaise millets, cheeni (ganne se), aur kai sabziyan. Chaara kam hone se doodh bhi mehnga ho sakta hai. Taalaab, jalaashay aur groundwater bhi girenge, jisse sardi ki rabi fasal ko paani dena mushkil hoga.

Let’s Explore: tumhare state ki fasalein (page 9)

Uttar Pradesh ka sample jawab:

Mausam	Fasalein
Kharif	chawal, makka, bajra, jowar, arhar, urad, ganna
Rabi	gehun, jau, chana, matar, masoor, sarson, aaloo
Zaid	tarbooz, kharbooza, kheera, kaddu, moong

Don’t Miss Out: Arthashastra mein achha baarish ka mausam (page 10)

Ye baat kyun kahi gayi? Ye mausam bhar aisi baarish batati hai jo kharif fasal ke chakra se mel khaati hai. Shuruaat mein thodi baarish (July se August) mitti ko hal aur bowai ke liye naram karti hai. Beech ke mahinon (August se October) mein sabse tez baarish tab aati hai jab fasalein sabse tezi se badhti hain aur unhe sabse zyaada paani chahiye. Ant mein thodi baarish (October se November) daane bharne mein madad karti hai aur agli bowai ke liye mitti mein nami chhodti hai. Ek saath bahut zyaada baarish, ya beech mein sookha, fasal ko nuksaan karega.

Let’s Explore: tumhare aas-paas ki mitti (page 11)

Har mitti ke zone mein kam se kam do states ke naam batao. Book ke soil map se:

Mitti	States, udaharan ke liye
Alluvial	Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam
Black	Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
Red	Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Odisha, Jharkhand
Laterite	Kerala, aur Karnataka aur Odisha ke kuch hisse
Desert	Rajasthan, aur Gujarat ke kuch hisse
Mountain	Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh (aur union territories Jammu and Kashmir aur Ladakh)

Tumhare state mein mukhya roop se kaunsi mitti hai? Jaise Uttar Pradesh mein zyaadatar alluvial, Maharashtra mein zyaadatar black, Kerala ke bade hisse mein laterite aur pashchimi Rajasthan mein desert mitti. Map pe apna state dekho.

Apne mohalle ki mitti ke namoone jaancho. Ret (khurdari), silt (aate jaisi chikni) aur clay (geeli hone par chipchipi) dhoondho; humus se gehra rang ya iron se laal rang; jadein, pattiyan, chhote pathar, kenchue aur keede. Chikni, baareek mitti shaayad nadi ki bichhaayi ho; pathreeli mitti local chattaan ke tootne se bani ho sakti hai. Insaan ke kaam ke nishaan mein plastic, kaanch, int ke tukde, raakh ya fertiliser ke daane, aur pairon ya gaadiyon se dabi sakht mitti ho sakti hai. Samay ke saath plastic nahi galta aur hawa aur paani rokta hai, chemicals mitti ke jeevon ko nuksaan kar sakte hain, aur dabi mitti kam baarish sokhti hai, isliye zyaada paani behkar mitti saath le jaata hai.

Let’s Explore: mitti, fasal aur tumhara khaana (page 11)

Group project: alag mitti mein ugne waale paudhe. Jaise: alluvial mitti: aaloo, phoolgobhi, aam, amrood; black mitti: kapaas, pyaaz, angoor, santre; red mitti: moongphali, millets, aam; laterite mitti: kaaju, naariyal, rubber, kathal; desert mitti: bajra, ber, guar; mountain mitti: seb, khubaani, chaay.

Parivaar ka food flowchart (sample):

• Daal-chawal → chawal (alluvial ya laterite mitti) aur arhar daal (red ya black mitti)
• Roti aur aaloo sabzi → gehun aur aaloo (alluvial mitti), sarson ke tel mein bani (alluvial mitti)
• Idli aur naariyal chutney → chawal aur urad daal (alluvial ya black mitti) aur naariyal (tat ki laterite mitti)
• Bajre ki roti → bajra (desert mitti)
• Ek cup chaay → chaay ki pattiyan (mountain aur laterite mitti), ganne se cheeni (alluvial ya black mitti)

Let’s Explore: aadhunik kheti mein paramparik vichaar (page 22)

Paramparik tareekon se prerit aadhunik upaay: neem waale pesticides; beejamrit, ICAR ka banaaya gobar aur gomutra ka beej lep; biofertiliser ki tarah panchagavya; organic kheti mein compost aur khet ki khaad; mulching aur fasal ke bache hisse waapas mitti mein milaana; vaigyanikon dwara sujhaaye crop rotation aur intercropping; drip sinchai, jo bamboo drip ki tarah paani seedha jadon tak le jaati hai; aur baarish ka paani jama karne waale khet ke taalaab.

Let’s Explore: radio aur TV pe kheti ke programme (page 25)

Ek sample report suni hui baaton ko in headings mein likh sakti hai: mausam ka anumaan aur baarish ki chetaavani; bowai, beej aur kitna fertiliser daalein, iski salah; keedon aur beemaariyon ki chetaavani; fasalon ke bazaar bhaav; fasal bima jaisi sarkaari yojanaayein; jaanwaron ki dekhbhaal; aur naye tareeke apnaane waale kisaanon ki kahaaniyan. (Extra: television pe DD Kisan aur All India Radio ke kheti ke programme aise programmes ke udaharan hain.) Mann mein aa sakne waale sawaal: kya ye salah bahut chhote khet waale kisaanon ke kaam ki hai, jinke paas radio ya TV nahi unhe ye kaise milti hai, aur anumaan kitni baar sahi nikalte hain?

Questions and activities (pages 27–28)

1. Kerala ke kisan chawal kyun ugaate hain jabki Punjab ke kisan zyaadatar gehun? Agar wo adla-badli kar lein to kya hoga? Kerala ka mausam tropical wet hai: wahan saal bhar garmi rehti hai aur southwest aur northeast dono monsoon se tez baarish hoti hai, isliye paani bhare dhaan ke kheton ke liye bahut paani milta hai, aur chawal wahan ka mukhya khaana hai. Punjab subtropical uttari maidaan mein hai: uski thandi sardi gehun, ek rabi fasal, ke liye theek hai, aur wahan upjaau alluvial mitti aur nahar aur tube-well ki sinchai hai. Agar adla-badli ho, to Kerala mein gehun theek se nahi ugega, kyunki wahan sahi thandi sardi nahi hai aur tez baarish aur nami beemaariyan laati hain. Punjab mein chawal ko wahan ki baarish se kahin zyaada paani chahiye, isliye aur bhi zyaada groundwater pump karna padega. (Extra: Punjab monsoon ke mausam mein bhaari sinchai se bahut chawal ugaata hai, aur wahan ka groundwater gir raha hai.) Fasalein wahi sabse achhi ugti hain jahan mausam, mitti aur paani unke laayak hon.

2. Sahi jodi milaao.

Column A	Column B
(a) Kharif crops	(ii) Monsoon ke dauraan ugne waali fasalein
(b) Rabi crops	(i) Sardi ki fasalein
(c) Alluvial soil	(v) Nadiyon ki bichhaayi poshak tatvon se bhari mitti
(d) Terrace farming	(vi) Pahaadi dhalaan pe kheti ka tareeka
(e) Alpine soil	(iii) Pahaadi ilaakon ki patli, khurdari aur pathreeli mitti
(f) Zaid crops	(iv) Garmi mein ugne waali fasalein

3. Kuch fasalein khaas ilaakon mein hi kyun achhi ugti hain? Har fasal ko khaas haalaat chahiye, aur wo wahan phalti hai jahan ilaaka unhe deta hai:

• Mausam: gehun ko thandi sardi chahiye, isliye wo uttar ke maidaanon mein ugta hai; chawal ko garmi aur bahut baarish chahiye, isliye wo Kerala, West Bengal aur tat ke ilaakon mein ugta hai.
• Mitti: kapaas black mitti pe ugta hai, jo nami rokti hai; chaay, coffee aur rubber baarish waale pahaadon ki laterite mitti pe ugte hain.
• Paani: bajra sookhe Thar Desert mein tik jaata hai, jabki ganne aur chawal ko bahut baarish ya sinchai chahiye.
• Zameen ki banaavat: pahaadi dhalaan pe kisan terraces pe fasal ugaate hain.

Kisaanon ki samajh, sinchai aur bazaar bhi maayne rakhte hain, isliye achhi sinchai se kuch fasalein apne sabse sahi ilaake ke bahar bhi ugaayi ja sakti hain.

4. Aadhunik technology ne kisaanon ki kaise madad ki hai? Tractor, harvester, threshing machine aur transplanter hal chalaana, bowai aur katai tez aur aasaan banaate hain. High-yielding beej, fertilisers aur pesticides ne paidaavaar badhaayi, khaas kar gehun aur chawal ki. Drip aur sprinkler sinchai se kam paani mein fasal ugti hai, kam baarish waali jagah bhi. Drone mitti ki nami jaanchte hain, greenhouse aur hydroponics niyantrit haalaat mein paudhe ugaate hain, aur fertilisers ka sahi istemaal mitti ko swasth rakhta hai. Mausam ki jaankari, fasal bima, cold storage aur bazaar ki digital jaankari se kisan plan kar paate hain aur behtar daam pe bechte hain. Phir bhi technology soch-samajhkar istemaal karni chahiye: bahut zyaada chemicals aur pumping ne mitti aur paani ko nuksaan pahunchaaya hai.

5. Sustainable agriculture kyun zaroori hai? Iss pe chhota note likho. Sustainable agriculture ka matlab hai aaj kaafi khaana ugaana, bina us mitti, paani aur jeevon ko kharaab kiye jinki kheti ko kal zaroorat hogi. Ye zaroori hai kyunki dashakon tak chale Green Revolution ke tareekon ne kamzor mitti, girta groundwater, mitti aur paani mein chemicals, insaanon aur jaanwaron ki sehat ko nuksaan, aur fasalon ke pollination ke liye kam madhumakkhiyan chhodi hain. Sustainable kheti aadhunik vigyaan ko paramparik samajh se jodti hai: organic khaad aur compost, neem waale pesticides, crop rotation, mili-juli fasalein, khet ki med pe ped aur paani bachaane waali drip sinchai. Ye kisaanon ko climate change jhelne mein madad karti hai aur unka kharch kam rakhti hai. Duniya ka pehla poori tarah organic state Sikkim dikhata hai ki ye bade paimaane pe kaam kar sakti hai.

6. Aaj kisaanon ki kuch mushkilein batao. Logon pe unka kya asar ho sakta hai?

• Chhote khet: average khet lagbhag teen-chauthaai hectare ka hai, isliye kamaai kam hai aur badi machines chalaana mushkil hai.
• Mehngi machines aur saamaan: kai kisan aadhunik machines khareed ya kiraaye pe nahi le paate, aur khareede beej har mausam phir khareedne padte hain.
• Climate change: bemausam baarish, sookha aur baadh fasalein barbaad karte hain.
• Paani ki kami: girta groundwater aur dabaav mein Ganga basin sinchai ke liye khatra hain.
• Karz aur bazaar ki dikkat: mushkil samay mein liya karz jaal ban jaata hai, aur kuch andaazon ke mutaabik har din lagbhag 2,300 kisan kheti chhod dete hain.

Logon pe asar: khaana mehnga ya kam ho sakta hai, kisaan parivaaron ki kamaai ghatti hai aur wo kaam ke liye shaharon mein ja sakte hain, aur poore desh ki khaane ki supply khatre mein padti hai.

7. “Paramparik sinchai ke tareeke aadhunik tareekon se behtar hain” par class mein debate karo. Dono taraf ke points:

Paksh mein	Vipaksh mein
Taalaab, phad nahar aur bamboo drip local cheezon se bante hain aur sasti hain	Drip aur sprinkler kahin zyaada paani bachaate hain aur sookhe ilaakon ke liye theek hain
Samuday unhe banaata aur baantkar chalaata hai, jaise phad systems	Ye har paudhe ko naapa hua paani dete hain
Taalaab paani ko zameen mein waapas risne dete hain	Inhe kai size ke kheton aur tarah-tarah ki zameen pe lagaaya ja sakta hai
Ye sadiyon se chal rahe hain; Kallanai lagbhag 1,800 saal baad bhi kaam karta hai	Ye badhti aabaadi ke liye paidaavaar badhaane mein madad karte hain

Ek theek nishkarsh ye hai ki dono saath mein achha kaam karte hain, jaise khet ka taalaab jo drip system ko paani de.

8. Jab tum 60 saal ke hoge tab kheti kaisi ho sakti hai, iss pe chhota nibandh likho. Ek sample: “Jab main 60 saal ka hounga, lagbhag 2070s mein, kheti bahut alag dikhegi, par kuch puraane vichaar waapas aa jaayenge. Kheton mein sensors honge jo bataayenge kab paani dena hai, aur solar pumps gaon ke taalaabon se drip pipes chalaayenge. Drone keedon ko jaldi pakad lenge, aur neem ke spray zyaadatar chemicals ki jagah le lenge. Garmi aur baadh jhelne waale beej kisaanon ko garam hote mausam ka saamna karne mein madad karenge, aur millets phir se lokpriya honge kyunki unhe kam paani chahiye. Chhote kisan apne samoohon ke zariye machines baantenge, aur unme se kai ki aguvaai mahila kisan karengi. Shaharon mein chhaton pe aur paani waale hydroponic farms mein sabziyan ugengi. Agar hum abhi apni mitti aur nadiyan bachaayein, to mere pote-potiyan bhi Indian kheton mein uga khaana khaayenge.”

9. Ganga basin ki samasyaon pe charcha karo aur hal sujhaao. Ek presentation mein ye ho sakta hai:

• Samasyaayein: global warming se Himalaya ke glacier pehle se kahin tez pighal rahe hain; nadi ka bahut paani sinchai ke liye nikaala jaata hai; khet aur udyog bahut zyaada groundwater pump karte hain; aur saikdon dams nadi ka kudrati behaav badalte hain. Isliye Ganga khud ko bhar nahi paati, aur garmi mein kuch hisse naavon ke liye bhi bahut uthle ho jaate hain.
• Ye kyun maayne rakhta hai: basin ne apni upjaau alluvial mitti se 50 crore se zyaada logon ko khilaaya hai, isliye iska kamzor hona rozgaar aur India ki khaane ki paidaavaar ke liye khatra hai.
• Hal aur unke kaaran: drip aur sprinkler sinchai apnao taaki nadi se kam paani nikle; sookhe ilaakon mein millets jaisi kam paani waali fasalein ugaao taaki kam pumping ho; taalaabon mein baarish ka paani jama karo taaki groundwater bhare aur nadi ko paani mile; dams se kaafi paani aage jaane do taaki nadi zinda rahe; kinaaron aur pahaadon pe ped lagaao taaki mitti aur paani ruke; aur dharti ko garam karne waala pradooshan kam karo taaki glaciers ka pighalna dheema ho.

10. “Echoes from the Past” ki kaunsi fasalein tumhare ghar mein istemaal hoti hain? Tum kya nishkarsh nikaal sakte ho? Kai gharon mein chawal, gehun, jau (sattu ya jau ke roop mein), bajra, jowar aur ragi jaise millets, til, sarson ka tel, moong, urad, methi, sooti kapde, aur aam, angoor, khajoor, kathal aur jamun jaise phal milte hain. Nishkarsh: aaj ka bahut saara khaana India mein Harappan aur Vedic zamaane se, hazaaron saalon se, ugaaya aur khaaya jaata raha hai, isliye hamare khaane mein ek bahut puraani kheti ki parampara hai.