Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 1: The Story of Indian Farming (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
The Story of Indian Farming dikhata hai ki India mein kheti mausam, mitti aur paani pe kaise tiki hai, aur hazaaron saalon mein kaise badli. Fasalein teen mausamon mein ugti hain, kharif, rabi aur zaid, jinhe monsoon tay karta hai. India mein chhe badi tarah ki mitti hai, upjaau alluvial se lekar patli mountain mitti tak. Kisan baarish ya sinchai, paramparik samajh aur naye auzaar istemaal karte hain. Green Revolution ne paidaavaar badhaayi par mitti aur paani ko nuksaan hua, isliye ab lakshya sustainable kheti hai.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
The Story of Indian Farming teen bade sawaal poochhta hai: Indian kheti ki khaasiyat kya hai, kheti, mausam, mitti aur paani aapas mein kaise jude hain, aur puraane aur naye tareeke saath mein kaise kaam kar sakte hain. Chapter India ke bahut puraane zamaane ki kheti se shuru hota hai, phir mausam aur fasalein, mitti, paani aur beej dekhta hai, paramparik tareekon se Green Revolution aur phir sustainable kheti ki taraf safar dekhta hai, aur aaj kisaanon ki mushkilein batata hai.
India ka agricultural landscape
Agriculture ka matlab hai mitti taiyaar karna, fasalein ugaana aur jaanwar paalna, aur aksar ped aur phal ugaana bhi. Sarkaar allied activities bhi ginti hai, jaise fisheries, madhumakkhi paalan (apiculture), resham ke liye keede paalna aur kapaas aur hemp jaisi fibre fasalein ugaana.
Ye kaam India ki GDP ka 18% se thoda zyaada paida karte hain aur lagbhag 46% kaamkaaji logon ko rozgaar dete hain (2022-23). Gaon mein kheti mein kaam karne waalon mein 75% se zyaada auratein hain (2025), aur bowai se lekar katai aur gahaai tak zyaadatar kaam wahi karti hain. India ke khet Punjab ke gehun ke kheton aur Kashmir ke kesar ke kheton se lekar Northeast aur Nilgiris ke chaay ke baagon aur Kerala ke dhaan ke kheton tak faile hain.
Ateet ki goonj
India mein kheti bahut puraani hai. Ganga ke maidaan mein mile chawal ke daane 7th ya 8th millennium BCE ke hain, haalaanki chawal ki niyamit kheti mein shaayad kuch hazaar saal aur lage. Mehrgarh mein 7th millennium BCE mein jau aur millets ugaaye jaate the. Harappan log jau aur gehun ko mukhya fasal ke roop mein ugaate the, saath mein kuch ilaakon mein chawal, millets aur sabziyan bhi. Rajasthan ke Kalibangan mein khet ki lakeerein lagbhag 2800 BCE ki intercropping dikhati hain, yaani ek khet mein do fasalein, aur ye tareeka wahan 1960s mein bhi dikha.
Samay ke saath kisaanon ne til aur sarson jaise tilhan, moong aur urad jaisi daalen, kapaas aur jute jaisi fibre fasalein, aur aam, kathal aur jamun jaise phal ugaana seekha. Lagbhag 3500 BCE se gaay, bhed, bakri aur doosre jaanwar paale jaane lage. Vedon mein jau (yava), gehun (godhuma) aur chawal (vrihi) ka zikr hai, aur Kautilya ka Arthashastra, Sangam sahitya, Amarakosha, Varahamihira ki Brihatsamhita aur Surapala ki Vrikshayurveda jaise granth beej, mitti, bowai, sinchai aur grafting ki salah dete hain.
Kya kahan aur kab ugta hai
India mein saat tarah ke mausam hain, Himalaya ke alpine se Thar Desert ke arid tak, aur desh 15 agroclimatic zones mein banta hai jo tay karne mein madad karte hain ki kya, kab aur kaise ugaayein. Southwest monsoon June se September tak baarish laata hai aur uttar aur madhya India ki kharif fasalon ke liye bahut zaroori hai. Northeast monsoon October se December tak poorab aur dakshin mein baarish laata hai. Malabar aur Coromandel tat dono se baarish paate hain.
Indian kheti teen mausamon pe chalti hai: kharif (monsoon ki fasalein jaise chawal, makka, jowar, bajra, moongphali, ganna aur kapaas), rabi (sardi ki fasalein jaise gehun, jau, matar, sarson aur chana) aur zaid (garmi ki fasalein jaise tarbooz, kheera, kharbooza aur kaddu). Ye naam Arabic hain aur Mughal zamaane se chal rahe hain. Har mausam ke apne khatre hain: monsoon der se aaye to kharif fasal ko nuksaan hota hai, aur bahut zyaada baarish use barbaad kar sakti hai. Aur padho kaunsi fasal kahan aur kab mein.
Mitti, kheti ki neev
Mitti Dharti ki parat ki patli upari parat hai jisme paudhe ugte hain. Ye ek sadi se lekar hazaaron saalon mein banti hai, jab chattaanein tootti hain aur paudhon aur jaanwaron ke avshesh sadkar humus bante hain. India mein chhe badi tarah ki mitti hai: alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert aur mountain, aur har ek alag fasalon ke liye theek hai. Jaise black mitti nami rokti hai aur kapaas ke liye theek hai. Kisan mitti ko crop rotation, multiple cropping, contour ploughing, terracing, mulching aur khaad se bachaate hain. Padho India ki mitti ke prakaar.
Paani aur beej
Kuch khet rain-fed hain aur sirf baarish pe tike hain; baaki irrigated hain. India mein Indus civilisation ke samay se paani ke dhaanche bante aaye hain, jinke local naam hain jaise kund, ahar, khadin, eri aur kolam. Paramparik tareekon mein Maharashtra ke phad nahar, Northeast ki bamboo drip sinchai aur khet ke taalaab aate hain; lagbhag 1,800 saal pehle Kaveri pe bana Kallanai aaj bhi paani modta hai. Aadhunik drip aur sprinkler sinchai paani bachaati hai, jo zaroori hai kyunki kai jagah groundwater gir raha hai.
Beej lambe samay se parivaaron mein sambhaale aur samuday mein baante jaate rahe hain. Puraane Indian kisaanon ne ek seed drill banaayi thi jo ek hi baar mein mitti taiyaar karti, beej boti aur lakeer band karti thi. Aaj kai kisan companies se high-yielding beej khareedte hain, par aise paudhon se mile beej aksar agle mausam ke laayak nahi hote, jisse kisan companies pe nirbhar ho jaate hain.
Paramparik samajh aur naye prayog
Paramparik kheti mitti, usme rehne waale chhote jeevon aur paudhon ko ek hi system maanti hai, aur terrace farming, Konkan ke kulagar ghar ke baagon, aur gokrishi jaise tareeke apnaati hai, jisme gaay khaad deti hai aur bail hal chalaate hain. 1960s aur 1970s ki Green Revolution high-yielding beej, zyaada sinchai, chemical fertilisers aur pesticides, aur machines laayi, aur India apne liye poora anaaj ugaane laga.
Saalon mein iske nuksaan dikhne lage: kamzor mitti, girta groundwater, mitti aur paani mein chemicals, aur logon aur jaanwaron ki sehat ko nuksaan. Ab sustainable kheti naye auzaaron ko paramparik samajh se jodti hai: organic khaad, neem waale pesticides aur beejamrit jaisi beej ki parat. 2014 mein chemical fertilisers aur pesticides pe ban lagaakar Sikkim duniya ka pehla poori tarah organic state bana. Dekho paramparik aur aadhunik kheti.
Sarkaar ki bhoomika
Sarkaarein kisaanon ki beej, fertilisers, mausam ki jaankari, research aur training, aur sinchai ke liye sasti bijli se madad karti hain. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana jaisa fasal bima nuksaan ki bharpaai karta hai, aur sarkaar zaroori fasalein khareedti hai taaki kisaanon ko sahi daam mile. Cold storage aur bazaar ki digital jaankari se kisan behtar daam pe bech paate hain.
Mushkilein
Peedhi dar peedhi zameen parivaar mein bantti rehti hai, isliye average landholding sirf lagbhag teen-chauthaai hectare hai, ek football field jitni. Chhote khet se kam kamaai hoti hai, aur zyaadatar machines bade kheton ke liye bani hain. Climate change bemausam baarish, sookha aur baadh laata hai. Ganga basin, jo 50 crore se zyaada logon ko khilaata hai, pighalte glaciers, sinchai ke liye nikaale gaye paani, groundwater ki pumping aur dams ki wajah se dabaav mein hai. Kai kisan karz mein phans jaate hain, aur kuch andaazon ke mutaabik har din lagbhag 2,300 kisan kheti chhod dete hain. Saare sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 1 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Mitti taiyaar karna, paudhe ugaana aur jaanwar paalna; bade arth mein forestry aur horticulture bhi. Shabd Latin se aaya hai: agri (khet) aur culture (ugaana). |
| Allied activities | Kheti se jude kaam, jaise pashu paalna, fisheries, madhumakkhi paalan (apiculture), resham ke keede paalna aur fibre fasalein ugaana. |
| Intercropping | Ek hi khet mein ek saath do ya zyaada alag fasalein ugaana, jaise Kalibangan mein lagbhag 2800 BCE mein. |
| Agroclimatic zone | Mausam, mitti, zameen ki banaavat aur paudhon ke hisaab se bana ilaaka. India mein 15 hain, jaise Western Dry Region. |
| Kharif crops | Monsoon ki fasalein, jo southwest monsoon ki baarish ke saath boyi jaati hain, jaise chawal, makka, jowar, bajra, moongphali aur kapaas. |
| Rabi crops | Sardi ki fasalein jinhe thanda mausam aur kam paani chahiye, jaise gehun, jau, matar, sarson aur chana. |
| Zaid crops | Rabi aur kharif ke beech ke chhote garmi ke mausam ki fasalein, jaise tarbooz, kheera, kharbooza aur kaddu. |
| Humus | Mitti ka gehra organic hissa, jo paudhon aur jaanwaron ke sadne se banta hai. Isme poshak tatva bahut hote hain aur ye nami rokta hai. |
| Crop rotation | Ek hi khet mein alag-alag mausam mein alag fasalein ugaana, taaki mitti se baar-baar wahi poshak tatva khatm na hon. |
| Contour ploughing | Dhalaan ke kudrati ghumaav ke saath hal chalaana, taaki baarish ka paani mitti ko neeche na baha le. |
| Rain-fed agriculture | Aisi kheti jo sirf baarish pe tiki ho, khet tak paani pahunchaane ka koi aur intezaam na ho. |
| Irrigated agriculture | Aisi kheti jisme log nahar, kuen, taalaab, pipe, drip ya sprinkler se fasal tak paani pahunchaate hain. |
| Green Revolution | 1960s aur 1970s mein gehun aur chawal ki paidaavaar mein badi badhat, jo high-yielding beejon, zyaada sinchai, chemicals aur machines se aayi. |
| Sustainable agriculture | Aisi kheti jo mitti, paani aur jeevon ko aage ke liye swasth rakhe, aksar naye auzaaron ko paramparik tareekon ke saath jodkar. |
| Landholding | Kisi vyakti ki apni zameen ka area. India mein average lagbhag teen-chauthaai hectare hai. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Inme se rabi fasal kaunsi hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Gehun Gehun thande sardi ke mausam mein ugta hai. Chawal aur kapaas kharif hain, aur tarbooz zaid fasal hai.
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Kharif fasalein kiske aane par boyi jaati hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) southwest monsoon
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Kis mitti ko cotton soil bhi kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Black mitti Black mitti bahut nami rokti hai aur bahut upjaau hai, jo kapaas ke liye theek hai.
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Contour ploughing ka matlab hai hal chalaana:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) dhalaan ke ghumaav ke saath
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Inme se kya Green Revolution ka hissa nahi tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Neem waale pesticides Neem waale pesticides ek kudrati vikalp hain, jo sustainable kheti chemical pesticides ki jagah istemaal karti hai.
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India mein ek kisan ki average landholding lagbhag kitni hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) 0.75 hectare
Students ke sawal
Class 7 SST Part 2 Chapter 1 ke main topics kya hain?
India ka agricultural landscape; India mein kheti ka itihaas; mausam, seasons aur fasalein (kharif, rabi aur zaid); India ki mitti; rain-fed aur irrigated kheti; beej; paramparik aur aadhunik tareeke, Green Revolution aur sustainable kheti samet; sarkaar ki bhoomika; aur kisaanon ki mushkilein.
Kya The Story of Indian Farming nayi NCERT book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 7 Part 2 ka Chapter 1 hai, jo 2026-27 session ki Class 7 Social Science book hai. Ye India and the World: Land and the People theme ka hissa hai.
Kharif, rabi aur zaid fasalein kya hain?
Kharif fasalein, jaise chawal aur kapaas, monsoon ki baarish ke saath boyi jaati hain. Rabi fasalein, jaise gehun aur sarson, thandi sardi mein ugti hain. Zaid fasalein, jaise tarbooz aur kheera, dono ke beech ke chhote garmi ke mausam mein ugti hain. Ye naam Mughal zamaane se chal rahe hain.
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