India ki mitti ke prakaar
Short mein jawab
Mitti Dharti ki patli upari parat hai jisme paudhe ugte hain. Ye tooti chattaanon aur humus se dheere-dheere banti hai. India mein chhe badi mitti hai: alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert aur mountain. Har ek alag fasalon ke liye theek hai, jaise black mitti pe kapaas. Kisan crop rotation, contour ploughing, terracing aur khaad se mitti swasth rakhte hain.
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Mitti kya hai
Mitti Dharti ki parat ki patli upari parat hai jisme paudhe ugte hain. Ye fasalon ko poshak tatva, paani aur jadon ke liye mazboot jagah deti hai, isliye kisan ke liye ye sabse zaroori sansaadhan hai. Swasth mitti jeevon se bhari hoti hai: bacteria, fungi, kenchue aur keede mari hui cheezon ko todkar mitti ko upjaau rakhte hain. Mitti mein khanij, organic padaarth, paani aur hawa bhi hote hain.
Mitti kaise banti hai
Mitti tab banti hai jab chattaanein tootti hain aur paudhe aur jaanwar sadte hain. Baarish, garmi aur thand bedrock (asli chattaan) mein daraar daalte hain; ise weathering kehte hain. Daraaron mein chhote paudhe ugte hain aur unke avshesh organic padaarth jodte hain, jo chattaan ko aur todkar parent material banaata hai. Dheere-dheere paratein banti hain, jinme upar gehri topsoil hoti hai jisme humus hota hai, yaani sade hue paudhon aur jaanwaron ka hissa jo poshak tatvon se bhara hai aur nami rokta hai. Is poore kaam mein lagbhag ek sadi se lekar hazaaron saal lagte hain, isliye erosion se gayi mitti waapas laana bahut mushkil hai.
India ki chhe badi mitti
| Mitti | Mukhya baatein |
|---|---|
| Alluvial | pahaadon aur pathaaron se nadiyon ki laayi silt, ret aur keechad; poshak tatvon se bhari; uttar ke maidaan aur tat |
| Black (cotton soil) | jwaalamukhi chattaanon ke tootne se; bahut nami rokti hai; bahut upjaau; Deccan Plateau |
| Red | lava ya puraani chattaanon ke tootne se; iron ki wajah se laal; zyaada upjaau nahi |
| Laterite (brick earth) | tez baarish chattaan ko todti hai aur zyaadatar khanij baha deti hai; garmi mein sakht; upjaau nahi |
| Desert (sandy) | zyaadatar ret ke chhote daane, thode paani, hawa aur organic padaarth ke saath |
| Mountain (alpine) | barf ke jamne-pighalne se tooti chattaan; patli, khurdari aur pathreeli |
Mitti kisi jagah ki kahaani bhi batati hai: uski chattaanon, nadiyon aur logon ne zameen ka kaise istemaal kiya, iska itihaas.
Mitti aur fasalein
Fasalein mausam ke saath mitti pe bhi tiki hain. Alluvial maidaanon mein chawal, gehun, makka, jau, chana, sarson, ganna aur jute ugte hain. Black mitti mein kapaas, jowar, gehun, urad, sunflower, alsi aur ganna. Red mitti mein chawal, ragi, arhar, moongphali aur tambaaku. Laterite ilaakon mein chaay, coffee, rubber, naariyal, supaari, kaaju aur tapioca. Desert mitti mein bajra aur moongphali, aur mountain mitti mein chaay, phal aur sabziyan. Kuch fasalein aisi mitti mein bhi ug sakti hain jo unke liye theek nahi, par sirf achhi sinchai ke saath.
Mitti ki dekhbhaal
Kisan mitti ko bachaate hain, jise soil conservation kehte hain. Paramparik tareekon mein crop rotation (alag mausam mein alag fasal, taaki mitti se baar-baar wahi poshak tatva khatm na hon), multiple cropping (ek khet mein kai fasalein, jisse keedon ka khatra kam hota hai aur alag samay pe katai milti hai), contour ploughing (dhalaan ke ghumaav ke saath lakeerein) aur gobar jaisi organic khaad aate hain. Panchagavya, gaay ki paanch cheezon ka sadaaya hua mishran, biofertiliser ki tarah kaam karta paaya gaya hai. Aaj pahaadon pe terraces, ped lagaana, mulching, fasal ke bache hisse waapas mitti mein milaana aur fertilisers ka sahi istemaal bhi mitti swasth rakhte hain. Dhaan ke kheton ki med pe lage kele hawa rokte hain, mitti ko pakad kar rakhte hain aur kisaanon ko ek aur fasal dete hain.
Ye kyun zaroori hai
Swasth mitti ka matlab hai saal dar saal achhi fasal, aur kharaab mitti ko theek hone mein sadiyan lag sakti hain. Kaunsi fasal kis mausam mein ugti hai, ye dekho kaunsi fasal kahan aur kab mein, aur kheti ke tareeke kaise badle, ye paramparik aur aadhunik kheti mein. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 1 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore chapter ke liye Part 2 Chapter 1 ke notes.
Practice karo
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Kaunsi mitti nadiyon ki laayi silt se banti hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Alluvial mitti
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Red mitti laal kyun hoti hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Usme iron hota hai jo hawa aur paani se reaction karta hai
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Barf ke jamne aur pighalne se bani patli, khurdari aur pathreeli mitti hai:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) mountain (alpine) mitti
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Humus kya hai, aur ye kyun kaam ka hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Humus mitti ka gehra organic hissa hai, jo paudhon aur jaanwaron ke sadne se banta hai. Isme poshak tatva bahut hote hain aur ye nami rokta hai, isliye paudhon ko badhne mein madad karta hai.
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Contour ploughing mitti ko kaise bachaati hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Dhalaan ke ghumaav ke saath hal chalaane se dhalaan ke aar-paar lakeerein banti hain. Ye baarish ke paani ko rokti hain, isliye paani tezi se neeche bhaag kar mitti nahi baha paata.
Students ke sawal
India mein kitni tarah ki mitti hai?
Chapter India ki mitti ko chhe badi tarah mein baantta hai: alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert (sandy) aur mountain (alpine). Zyaadatar ilaakon mein local farak bhi hote hain. Bahut pehle Amarakosha ne upjaaupan ke hisaab se khet ki baarah tarah ki zameen batayi thi.
Kapaas ki mitti kise kehte hain?
Black mitti ko, jise cotton soil bhi kehte hain. Ye jwaalamukhi chattaanon se banti hai, bahut nami rokti hai aur bahut upjaau hai, aur Deccan Plateau ke bade hisse mein milti hai.
Mitti kaise banti hai?
Baarish, garmi aur thand bedrock ko todte hain. Chhote paudhe aur sadti cheezein use aur todti hain aur humus jodti hain. Ek sadi se hazaaron saalon mein paratein banti hain: humus waali topsoil, parent material aur bedrock.
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