Paramparik aur aadhunik kheti

Paani: rain-fed ya irrigated?

Paani ke bina fasalein nahi ugti. Rain-fed kheti sirf baarish pe tiki hai. Ye wahan aam hai jahan monsoon achha hota hai, par sookha aur der se baarish ise barbaad kar sakte hain, isliye kisan sookhe mein tikne waali fasalein chunte hain aur baarish ka paani jama karte hain. Irrigated kheti mein fasal tak paani pahunchaaya jaata hai, jisse paidaavaar badhti hai aur kamzor monsoon ka khatra kam hota hai.

India mein Indus civilisation ke samay se paani ke dhaanche bante aaye hain, aur kai ilaakon mein unke apne naam hain, jaise kund, ahar, pokhar, khadin aur eri. Maharashtra ke phad systems samuday chalaata hai, aur inme chhoti naharon se nadi ka paani kheton tak modte hain. Northeast mein kisan jharne ka paani bamboo ke pipes se kheton tak le jaate hain. Khet ke taalaab mitti ko zyaada der tak nam rakhte hain. Karikala ka lagbhag 1,800 saal pehle Kaveri pe banaaya Kallanai aaj bhi hazaaron hectare ki sinchai karta hai. Aadhunik drip sinchai tubes se jadon pe boond-boond paani deti hai, aur sprinkler baarish ki tarah paani chhidakte hain. Dono paani bachaate hain, jo zaroori hai kyunki India ke kai hisson mein groundwater tezi se gir raha hai.

Beej

Beej lambe samay se parivaaron mein sambhaale, samuday mein rakhe aur baante jaate rahe hain; kuch jagah auratein unhe apne naye ghar ke liye tohfe ke roop mein le jaati hain. Kisan apne sabse zyaada upaj dene waale paudhon ke beej agle mausam ke liye rakhte the. Arthashastra alag-alag beej taiyaar karna samjhaata hai, aur puraane Indian kisaanon ne ek seed drill banaayi thi jo ek hi kadam mein mitti taiyaar karti, beej boti aur lakeer band karti thi. ICAR ne bowai se pehle beejon pe beejamrit lagaane ke tareeke banaaye hain, jo gobar, gomutra aur doosri cheezon ka lep hai; ye beejon ko bachaata hai aur unhe jaldi ankurit karta hai. Aaj kai kisan companies se zyaada upaj waale, keedon se bache beej khareedte hain, par un paudhon ke beej aksar agle mausam ke laayak nahi hote, isliye kisaanon ko baar-baar khareedna padta hai.

Paramparik kheti ke tareeke

Paramparik kheti paudhe, mitti aur usme rehne waale jeevon ko ek system maanti hai: bacteria aur fungi poshak tatvon ko paudhon ke liye aasaan banaate hain, aur paudhe apni jadon se unhe khaana dete hain. Isme khet ki khaad, chhote paimaane ke tareeke aur local sansaadhan istemaal hote hain. Terrace farming pahaadon pe seedhiyan kaatkar samtal zameen banaati hai, mitti ka katav rokti hai aur paani bachaati hai. Kulagar Konkan ka ghar ke aas-paas ka kheti ka tareeka hai, jisme parivaar anaaj, nakdi fasalein, phal, masaale aur aushadhiya paudhe ugaate hain. Gokrishi mein gaay khaad deti hai aur bail hal chalaate hain. ICAR ne lagbhag 5,000 paramparik tareeke darj kiye hain, aur jinhe test kiya unme se 85% se zyaada aadhunik vigyaan se sahi paaye gaye.

Green Revolution

1960s aur 1970s ki Green Revolution high-yielding varieties (HYV) ke beej, zyaada sinchai, chemical fertilisers aur pesticides, aur tractor aur harvester jaisi machines laayi. Anaaj, khaas kar gehun aur chawal, ki paidaavaar tezi se badhi, aur India khaane mein aatmanirbhar ho gaya. Iske architect kahe jaane waale vaigyanik M.S. Swaminathan ko Bharat Ratna mila.

Dashakon mein iski seemaayein saaf ho gayi: kamzor hoti mitti, lagaataar girta groundwater, chemicals se ganda mitti aur paani, aur logon aur jaanwaron ki sehat ko nuksaan. Chemicals madhumakkhiyon ko bhi maarte hain, jinki fasalon ke pollination ke liye zaroorat hai.

Sustainable raaste

Sustainable kheti aadhunik tareekon ki zyaada paidaavaar rakhte hue prakriti ko bachaane ki koshish karti hai, aur Indian Knowledge Systems se seekh leti hai. Organic kheti chemicals ki jagah compost, khali (tel nikaalne ke baad bacha beej) aur jaanwaron ki khaad istemaal karti hai, aur neem waale pesticides bahut kam nuksaan karte hain. 2014 mein chemical fertilisers aur pesticides pe ban lagaakar Sikkim duniya ka pehla poori tarah organic state bana. FAO ne India ke teen kheti ke systems ko duniya ki virasat maana hai: Kashmir ki kesar ki kheti, Odisha ki jangal se judi kheti, aur Kerala ki samudra tal se neeche dhaan ki kheti machhli paalan ke saath.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Aadhunik tareeke jaldi badi fasal dete hain; paramparik tareeke mitti ke saath naram hain par kam upaj de sakte hain. Lambe samay tak chalne waali kheti ko dono chahiye. Fasalein mausam ke hisaab se kaise chalti hain, ye padho kaunsi fasal kahan aur kab mein; mitti ki dekhbhaal ke liye padho India ki mitti ke prakaar. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 1 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore chapter ke liye Part 2 Chapter 1 ke notes.