Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: Empires and Kingdoms, 6th to 10th Centuries

Exploring Society: India and Beyond (2026-27) ke Part 2 Chapter 3, Empires and Kingdoms: 6th to 10th Centuries, ke har sawaal ka jawab: Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur Think About It, aur saare 7 sawaal aur activities. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 61–96). Short notes: Part 2 Chapter 3 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 61)

1. Is daur ki mukhya badlaav kya the? Gupta samrajya kamzor hua, aur ek bade samrajya ki jagah kai mazboot kshetriya rajya uthe aur bhide, jaise Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas, Pallavas aur Cholas. Raja samantas ke zariye raaj karne lage, land grants phaile, nayi jatiyan baneen, Sanskrit ke saath kshetriya bhashaayein badheen, mandir nirmaan aur Bhakti phaile, aur Arab Sindh pahunche.

2. Raajneetik, saanskritik aur dharmik badlaavon ne India ko kaise gadha? Har pratidwandi rajya ne mandir banaaye aur vidya ko sahaara diya, isliye kai ilaakon mein ek saath kala aur sahitya phale, Ellora aur Mamallapuram se Vikramashila tak. Shaasakon ne Hindu, Buddhist aur Jain paramparaon ko sahaara diya, aur Bhakti ne bhakti ko samaaj ke har varg tak pahunchaaya. Nateeja tha poore India mein vividh par judi hui sanskriti.

3. Videshi hamlon aur samparkon ka kya asar hua? Hunas ne Gupton ko kamzor kiya par haare aur Indian samaaj mein ghul-mil gaye. Arabon ne Sindh liya par Indian rajaon ne unhe teen sadi tak roke rakha. Arabia se vyapar ne shabd, saamaan aur vichaar dono taraf pahunchaaye, aur Indian ganit, ankon aur zero ke saath, Arab duniya aur Europe tak gaya.

Let’s Explore: rajdhaniyan (page 64)

Maurya aur Gupta samrajyon ki rajdhani kahan thi? Pataliputra mein, jo aaj Bihar ka Patna hai.

Kannauj ki taraf badlaav ne raajneeti ko kaise gadha hoga? Satta Ganga ke maidaanon mein pashchim ki taraf Kannauj chali gayi, jo uttar pe raaj ka naya prateek ban gaya. Kannauj rakhna pratishtha ki baat thi, isliye poorab, pashchim aur Deccan ke baad ke vansh do sadi tak iske liye lade: Tripartite Struggle.

Let’s Explore: Harsha ke hastakshar (page 64)

Kya Harsha ke hastakshar mein kuch Devanagari akshar pehchaan sakte ho? Haan, teacher ki madad se. Nagari lipi Devanagari ka purana roop hai, isliye us pankti mein, jisme Harsha apne haath se rajaon ke maharaja ke roop mein hastakshar karte hain, ‘ma’, ‘ha’, ‘ra’ aur ‘sha’ jaise akshar aaj ke roop se milte-julte dikhte hain, haalaanki unke upar lagaatar rekha nahi hai aur kuch rekhaayein alag hain.

Let’s Explore: Xuanzang ka raasta (page 66)

Xuanzang ne kaunse pahaadi raaste ya registaan paar kiye? Gobi aur Taklamakan registaan, aur India aate samay Hindu Kush pahaadon ke darre; wo Tibet ke oonche pathaar aur Himalaya ke kinaare se bhi guzre.

Unhone kaunse Buddhist vidya kendra dekhe? Bihar ka mahaan math-vishwavidyalaya Nalanda; puraana vidya kendra Taxila; Bodh Gaya, jahan Buddha ko gyaan mila; Lumbini, unka janm-sthaan; aur Mathura, Ajanta, Amaravati aur Kanchipuram jaisi jagahein.

Think About It: Prayaga ka samaroh (page 67)

Kya Prayaga mein Harsha ka samaroh Part 1 ki kisi ghatna jaisa lagta hai? Haan, Prayagraj ka Kumbh Mela, jiska varnan ‘How the Land Becomes Sacred’ chapter mein hai: nadiyon ke usi sangam pe pavitra snaan, anushthaan aur daan ke liye vishaal jamaavda.

Let’s Explore: Kannauj hi kyun? (page 68)

Kannauj shaktishaali vanshon ko itna kyun lubhaata tha? Ye uttar India ke beech Ganga kinaare upjaau maidaanon mein tha, isliye kheti aur vyapar mein ameer tha aur nadi aur sadak se achhi tarah juda tha. Harsha ki mashhoor rajdhani hone se iski pratishtha bhi thi: ise rakhna uttar India ke netritva ka daava tha.

Think About It: Rashtrakutas pe Al-Masudi (page 72)

Unki tareef Rashtrakutas ke baare mein kya batati hai? Wo shaktishaali the, badi sena aur kai haathiyon ke saath, aur sahishnu the: Musalmaan, zyaadatar vyapaari, unke rajya mein surakshit rehte the aur masjid bana aur istemaal kar sakte the. Isse Arab duniya se unke gehre vyapaarik rishte bhi dikhte hain.

Let’s Explore: itihaaskaar Kalhana (page 74)

Kalhana ke hisaab se itihaaskaar mein kya gun hone chahiye? Saavdhaani, dhairya aur nishpakshta: unhone toote hue varnanon ko joda, gyaarah purane granth padhe aur galtiyan sudhaarne ke liye shilalekh aur abhilekh jaanche.

Unke tareeke ke baare mein kya pata chalta hai, aur aaj ke itihaas se ye kaise milta hai? Unhone kai srot ikattha kiye aur granthon ko shilalekhon aur daanpatron se milaaya, jaise itihaaskaar aaj bhi karte hain. Par unhone kavita mein likha aur naitik seekh dena chaaha, jabki aaj itihaaskaar faisla sunaane ki bajaye samjhaane ki koshish karte hain, aur puraatattva, vaigyanik date aur bahut tarah ke saboot bhi istemaal karte hain.

Kalhana jab kehte hain ki ateet ko prem ya nafrat ke bina batana chahiye, to iska kya matlab hai? Nishpaksh hona: jis raja ko pasand karo uska paksh na lena, aur jise naapasand karo us pe hamla na karna. Aisa itihaaskaar zyaada bharosemand hota hai, kyunki paathak maan sakte hain ki tathyon ko toda-maroda nahi gaya.

Let’s Explore: Shankaracharya ke chaar math (pages 74–75)

Chaaron math kahan hain? India ke chaar konon pe hi kyun? Badrinath uttar mein (Uttarakhand), Puri poorab mein (Odisha), Dwarka pashchim mein (Gujarat) aur Sringeri dakshin mein (Karnataka) hai. Vidya ke kendra desh ke chaaron chhoron pe rakhne se unki shiksha har ilaake mein pahunchi aur poora India vidya aur tirth yatra ke ek network mein juda, sirf ek beech ke ilaake tak seemit nahi raha.

Let’s Explore: Durga ka panel (page 79)

Durga ke hathiyaar aur vahana: apni kai bhujaaon mein wo dhanush pe chadha teer aur talwaar jaise hathiyaar pakde hain, aur sher pe savaar hain, jo unka vahana hai.

Unke saathi aur raakshas ke saathi: unke chhote saathi utsaah se aage daudte hain, kuch udte hue, ek unke upar chhatra pakde; raakshas ke saathi peeche hat rahe hain ya haar kar gire pade hain.

Raakshas ka jhuka hua aasan: bhains ke sir aur bhaari gada waala Mahishasura peeche ki taraf jhukta aur mudta hai. Bada hone ke bawajood wo peeche hat raha hai, yaani Durga ke hamle ke aage uski himmat toot rahi hai.

Don’t Miss Out: do bhashaon mein shilalekh (page 81)

Land grants do bhashaon mein kyun likhe jaate the? Raja aur unke vansh ki tareef Sanskrit mein hoti thi, jo poore India ke vidwaan padhte the, isse raja ki pratishtha badhti thi. Grant ka kaam ka vivaran, jaise zameen, uski seemaayein aur kise mili, sthaaniya bhasha mein hota tha, taaki gaon waale aur sthaaniya adhikaari use samajh kar maan sakein.

Let’s Explore: Toramana aur Skandagupta ke sikke (page 90)

Kya dikhta hai, aur ye itne milte-julte kyun hain? Dono chaandi ke chhote sikke hain, ek taraf raja ka sir side se, aur doosri taraf Brahmi aksharon ke saath Indian chinh; Toramana ke sikke pe ek chakra aur unka naam ‘Tora’ hai, aur Skandagupta ke sikke pe pankh phailaaye mor. Huna shaasak ne Gupta sikkon ki design ki nakal ki.

Kya nishkarsh nikalta hai? Hunas ne apni Indian praja aur vyapaariyon ke saamne sahi shaasak dikhne ke liye Gupta-shaili ke sikke, upaadhiyan, lipi aur chinh apnaaye. Ye dikhata hai ki wo kitni jaldi Indian samaaj mein ghul-mil gaye.

Let’s Explore: Sindh mein muqaabla (page 91)

Raaniyon ka muqaabla hamle pe logon ke jawab ke baare mein kya batata hai? Sindh ke logon ne zor se muqaabla kiya aur haalaat na-ummeedi bhare hone pe bhi haar nahi maani.

Ek raani ne apna khazaana kyun baant diya? Sainikon ko inaam aur himmat dene ke liye taaki wo ladte rahein, aur taaki khazaana hamlaavaron ke haath lagne ke bajaye raksha ke kaam aaye.

Isse yuddh mein mahilaaon ki bhoomika ke baare mein kya pata chalta hai? Shaahi mahilaayein sirf dekhne waali nahi theen: unhone muqaable ki aguaai ki, himmat badhaayi aur yuddh ke samay kathin faisle liye.

Think About It: ek Pratihara raja pe Sulaiman (page 92)

Sulaiman raja ko Muslim dharm ka ‘dushman’ kyun kehte hain? Kyunki ye Gurjara-Pratihara raja India mein Arab vistaar ke raaste ki sabse badi rukaavat the: unki badi sena aur behtareen ghudsavaar sena ne Arabon ko roke rakha. Arab lekhak ki nazar se jo raja unka raasta roke, wo dushman tha. Phir bhi wahi varnan raja ki daulat aur rajya ki suraksha ki tareef karta hai.

Think About It: teen bhashaon mein shabd (page 93)

Sanskrit shabd	Arabi → English
candana	sandal → sandalwood
tambula	tanbul → betel
karpura	kafur → camphor
pippali	filfil → pepper

Questions and activities (page 96)

1. Tripartite Struggle ke samay Kannauj se Kanchipuram ke dost ko chitthi. Ek namoona:

Pyaari Kavya, Kannauj se namaste. Yahan zindagi kabhi shaant nahi rehti. Is saal Pala sena deewaaron ke bahar ruki; pichhle saal Pratihara the, aur log kehte hain Rashtrakuta phir uttar ki taraf badh rahe hain. Har baar darwaaze band hote hain, bazaar mein daam badhte hain, Ganga pe naavein ruk jaati hain, aur naye adhikaari naye raja ke naam pe kar maangte hain. Hamare guru ab bhi padhaate hain aur mandir ki ghantiyan ab bhi bajti hain, par nadi kinaare ke khet raund diye gaye hain. Mujhe lagne laga hai ki ye raja Kannauj ke logon ki bhalaai se zyaada use paane ki shaan ke liye ladte hain. Kanchi ke resham bazaaron aur Mamallapuram ke naye mandiron ki tumhari chitthiyan padh kar mujhe jalan hoti hai. Jaldi likhna. Tumhara dost, Arun.

2. Vassals ke zariye raaj ke fayde aur chunautiyan. Fayde: raja har jagah adhikaari rakhe bina bade aur door ke ilaake sambhaal sakta tha; samanta sthaaniya log aur haalaat jaante the, kar dete aur sainik dete the; aur sthaaniya shaasan chalta rehta tha. Chunautiyan: wafadaari kamzor thi, khaas kar jab kendra kamzor ho; mazboot samanta vidroh kar sakte ya swatantra ho sakte the, jaise Rashtrakutas ne Chalukyon ke khilaaf kiya; wo aapas mein lad sakte ya kisaanon pe bojh daal sakte the; aur raja ka seedha niyantran kam hota tha.

3. Huna aur Arab hamle kaise alag the?

• Uddeshya: khaanabadosh Huns ki shaakha Hunas jeet aur loot chahte the. Arab senaayein Islam ke uday ke baad apna samrajya aur dharm phailaane, jaisa unke apne varnan kehte hain, aur vyapar raaston aur bandargaahon pe kabze ke liye aayi.
• Tareeke: Hunas ghode pe savaar teerandaaz the jo Ganga ke maidaanon mein bijli jaise hamle karte the. Arabon ne pehle samudra se hamle kiye (637) aur baad mein badi zameeni sena bheji jisne 712 mein Sindh jeeta.
• Kaise roke gaye: Dashapura ke Aulikara rajaon ne 6th sadi mein Hunas ko haraaya. Nagabhata I aur Lalitaditya jaise Indian rajaon ne Arabon ko roka, jinka raaj teen sadi tak Sindh aur Punjab ke do chhote rajyon tak seemit raha.
• Asar: Hunas ne Gupton ko kamzor kiya, phir sainik aur adhikaari ban kar Indian samaaj mein ghul-mil gaye, Sanskrit, Prakrit aur Gupta-shaili ke sikke apnaaye. Arab vijay ka raajneetik aur dharmik asar seemit raha; Sindh mein baad mein unhone Hindu aur Buddhist logon ko mandir dobara banaane diye. Vyapar aur vidya saajhi hui: Indian ganit aur ank Arabon tak aur unse Europe tak gaye.

4. Prayaga sabha mein ek aam naagrik ke roop mein Harsha ko daulat daan karte dekh kar tumhari kya pratikriya hogi? Kai log hairaan aur aabhaari mehsoos karte: daan se Buddhon, Brahmanon aur gareebon ki madad hoti thi, aur ye dharma pe chalne waale raja ki chhavi dikhata tha jo apni daulat sabke saath baantta hai. Ek samajhdaar naagrik ye bhi soch sakta ki ye daulat kahan se aayi, zyaadatar karon se, aur kya kuen, sadkein aur nyaypoorn kar jaisi lagaatar madad paanch saal mein ek baar ke daan se zyaada bhala karti. Aise samaroh raja ki shohrat aur wafadaari bhi badhaate the.

5. Ek Alvar aur ek Nayanar pe poster. Udaharan ke liye Andal (Alvar) aur Karaikal Ammaiyar (Nayanar) chuno. (Extra) Tamil Nadu ke Srivilliputhur ki Andal 12 Alvaron mein akeli mahila hain; Margazhi mahine mein gaaye jaane waale unke 30 padon ke Tiruppavai mein wo sakhiyon ko bhor mein uth kar saath milkar Krishna ki pooja ke liye bulaati hain. Shaayad 6th sadi mein huin Karaikal Ammaiyar sabse pehle Tamil Shaiv kaviyon mein hain aur teen mahila Nayanaron mein se ek; unke bhajan Shiva ke nritya ka varnan karte hain. Har sant ke liye jagah aur samay, jis devta ki unhone pooja ki, unki zindagi ki mukhya ghatnaayein, prakashit anuvaad se ek-do chhoti kavitaayein, aur log aaj bhi unhe kyun gaate hain, ye sab shaamil karo.

6. Nakshon pe shehron ke aaj ke naam. Book ke nakshon pe pencil se likho:

Purana naam	Aaj ka naam
Kanyakubja	Kannauj (Uttar Pradesh)
Sthaneshvara	Thanesar (Haryana)
Prayaga	Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh)
Ujjayini	Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh)
Kashi	Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
Manyakheta	Malkheda (Karnataka)
Vatapi	Badami (Karnataka)
Aryapura	Aihole (Karnataka)
Kanchi	Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu)
Tanjavur	Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)
Mamallapuram	Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu)

Madurai ka naam wahi hai, aur Vengi aaj ke Andhra Pradesh mein hai.

7. Raja ya vansh ko shehar se milaao. (a) Rashtrakutas → (iii) Manyakheta. (b) Gurjara-Pratiharas → (iv) Ujjayini. (c) Cholas → (ii) Tanjavur. (d) Harshavardhana → (v) Kanyakubja. (e) Pallavas → (i) Kanchi.