Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 3: Empires and Kingdoms, 6th to 10th Centuries (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
Empires and Kingdoms Gupta samrajya ke baad, lagbhag 600 se 1000 CE tak ke India ki kahani hai. Harsha ne Kannauj se uttar India pe raaj kiya, aur uske baad teen shaktiyon, Palas, Rashtrakutas aur Gurjara-Pratiharas, ne Kannauj ke liye ladaai ki. Deccan aur dakshin mein Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Chera aur Chola uthe. Kai kshetriya rajyon ka matlab tha takraav, par saath hi mandir, vishwavidyalaya, Bhakti kavita, naya ganit aur door tak vyapar. Hunas ghul-mil gaye, aur Arab sirf Sindh jeet paaye.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Lagbhag 600 CE tak Gupta samrajya ki pakad chhoot chuki thi. Agli sadiyon mein India ke zyaadatar hisse pe kisi ek samrajya ka raaj nahi tha; uski jagah mazboot kshetriya rajya uthe, lade aur aapas mein dosti bhi ki. Chapter poochhta hai ki kya ye ashaanti ka daur tha ya kisi naye yug ki shuruaat, aur dikhata hai ki desh naye vichaaron, kala aur vidya se bhara tha, har ilaake mein alag, phir bhi ek India ka hissa.
Harsha aur Xuanzang
Pushyabhuti vansh ke Harshavardhana, jinka parivaar pehle Thanesar mein tha, ne 606 mein Ganga kinaare Kannauj se raaj shuru kiya. Wo kavi aur naatakkaar the, lekhak Bana ke sanrakshak the, jinhone upanyaas Kadambari aur Harsha ki jeevani likhi, aur Nalanda ki madad karte the. Shilalekh unhe Shiva bhakt batate hain, aur unka Buddhism se bhi gehra lagaav tha. 630 se 644 tak India mein ghoome Chinese yatri Xuanzang Harsha ko nyaypriya aur urjaavaan aur Kannauj ko samriddh batate hain; har paanch saal mein Harsha Prayaga mein apni daulat daan karte the. Dakshin ki taraf unka badhna Chalukya Pulakeshin II ne Narmada pe roka. Aur padho Harsha aur Kannauj ki ladaai mein.
Kannauj ki ladaai
647 mein Harsha ki maut ke baad 8th aur 9th sadi mein uttar India ke inaam, Kannauj, ke liye teen shaktiyan lade: poorab ke Palas, pashchim ke Gurjara-Pratiharas aur Deccan ke Rashtrakutas. Koi bhi hamesha ke liye nahi jeeta.
Pala raja Dharmapala ne Vikramashila vishwavidyalaya banaaya; Gurjara-Pratihara raja Nagabhata I aur Bhoja ne Arab senaon ko roka aur uttar ke bade hisse pe raaj kiya; aur Manyakheta ki rajdhani waale Rashtrakutas ne Ellora mein Kailasha mandir tarasha. Door uttar mein Kalhana ki Rajatarangini Kashmir ke Lalitaditya aur Rani Didda jaise shaasakon ka varnan karti hai, aur Kashmir Sanskrit vidya se chamakta tha.
Deccan aur dakshin
Vatapi (Badami) ke Chalukyas ne Badami mein gufa mandir aur Aihole mein sau se zyaada mandir banaaye; 8th sadi ke beech Rashtrakutas ne unki jagah li, jabki Eastern Chalukyas ne Vengi se raaj kiya. Kanchi ke Pallavas ne Mamallapuram mein chattaan mandir tarashe aur Southeast Asia se vyapar kiya. Aur dakshin mein Pandyas ne Madurai se raaj kiya, Cheras Kerala tat pe rahe, aur 9th sadi mein Thanjavur mein Cholas uthe. Dekho Deccan aur dakshin ke rajya.
Samaaj, arthvyavastha aur sanskriti
Raja apne mukhya ilaake pe seedha raaj karte the aur baaki pe samantas (vassals) ke zariye. Land grants, sinchai ke taalaab aur zameen aur samudra ke raaste vyapar badhe, aur vyaapaariyon ke guilds mazboot the. Nayi jatiyan baneen, aur kuch mahilaayein raani ban kar raaj karti theen. Shaasakon ne Hindu, Buddhist aur Jain sansthaon ko sahaara diya, aur Tamil Alvaron aur Nayanaron se Bhakti poore India mein phaili. Brahmagupta aur doosre ganitagyon ne tikau kaam kiya. Padho 6th se 10th sadi ka samaaj aur sanskriti.
Videshi hamle
Hunas 6th sadi ki shuruaat mein Ganga ke maidaanon mein ghuse, par Dashapura (Mandsaur) ke Aulikara rajaon ne unhe haraaya, aur wo jaldi Indian samaaj mein ghul-mil gaye. Arabon ne 637 se pashchimi tat pe hamle kiye aur 712 mein Muhammad bin Qasim ke netritva mein Sindh jeeta, par Nagabhata I aur Lalitaditya jaise Indian rajaon ne unhe roka; teen sadi tak unka raaj do chhote rajyon tak seemit raha. Is beech vyapar, vichaar aur Indian ank Arabian Sea ke paar gaye. Har sawaal ka jawab Part 2 Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Tripartite Struggle | 8th aur 9th sadi mein Kannauj ke liye teen shaktiyon ki lambi ladaai: Palas, Rashtrakutas aur Gurjara-Pratiharas. |
| Samanta | Adheen raja, yaani vassal, jo raja ke liye kisi ilaake pe shaasan karta, kar (tribute) deta aur sena le jaata tha. |
| Land grant | Raja, sardar ya adhikari dwara kisi vyakti, samudaay ya dharmik sanstha ko di gayi zameen; isse zameendaaron ka naya varg bana. |
| Guild | Vyapaariyon, kaarigaron ya mahajanon ka sangathan jo vyapar chalaata aur dharmik aur daan ke kaam karta tha. |
| Jati | Ek samudaay, aksar pesha ya ilaake pe aadharit, jiske log zyaadatar aapas mein hi shaadi karte the. Is daur mein kai nayi jatiyan baneen. |
| Bhakti | Kisi devta ke prati nijee prem bhari bhakti, jo sabke liye khuli thi. Ye lagbhag 6th sadi se Tamil kavi-santon ke zariye dakshin se phaili. |
| Alvar aur Nayanar | Tamil kavi-sant: 12 Alvar Vishnu ke bhakt the, aur 63 Nayanar Shiva ke bhakt. |
| Monolithic | Ek hi patthar ya chattaan se bana, jaise Mamallapuram ke mandir aur Ellora ka Kailasha mandir. |
| Rajatarangini | ‘Rajaon ki nadi’, Kashmir ka Sanskrit itihaas jo Kalhana ne 12th sadi mein likha. |
| Mlechchha | Pehle iska matlab tha saaf na bolne waale ya Vedic sanskriti na maanne waale log; baad mein videshiyon ke liye istemaal hone laga. |
| Hunas | Central Asia ke Huns ki ek shaakha, jinhone 5th aur 6th sadi mein India pe hamla kiya aur baad mein Indian samaaj mein ghul-mil gaye. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Harsha kis shehar se raaj karte the?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Kannauj
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Tripartite Struggle kin teen shaktiyon ke beech tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Palas, Rashtrakutas aur Gurjara-Pratiharas
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Ellora ka Kailasha mandir kinke samay tarasha gaya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Rashtrakuta
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Rajatarangini kisne likhi?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Kalhana
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Arabon ne Sindh kab jeeta?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) 712
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12 Alvar kiske bhakt the?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Vishnu
Students ke sawal
Class 7 SST Part 2 Chapter 3 ke main topics kya hain?
Harsha aur Xuanzang; Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas aur Rashtrakutas ke beech Kannauj ke liye Tripartite Struggle; Kashmir; Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Chera aur Chola; shaasan, vyapar, samaaj aur sanskriti, Bhakti aur ganit samet; aur Huna aur Arab hamle.
Kya Empires and Kingdoms nayi NCERT book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Class 7 Social Science ki textbook Exploring Society: India and Beyond Part 2 (2026-27) ka Chapter 3 hai, pages 61 se 96 tak.
Ye daur sirf ashaanti ka samay kyun nahi tha?
Haalaanki kai rajya aapas mein lade, is daur mein Ellora aur Mamallapuram jaise mahaan mandir, Vikramashila jaise vishwavidyalaya, Sanskrit aur kshetriya bhashaon ka sahitya, Bhakti parampara, naya ganit aur vyast vyapar bhi aaye. India ne videshi hamlon ka saamna bhi kiya aur khud ko naya bhi kiya.
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