6th se 10th sadi ka samaaj aur sanskriti

Shaasan

Bade samrajya khatm hone ke baad rajya chhote aur satta zyaada bikhri hui thi. Chalukya aur Rashtrakuta jaise raja apne ghar ke, yaani mukhya ilaake pe seedha raaj karte the, use praanton (bhukti ya rashtra), phir zilon (mandala), phir gaon mein baant kar, har star pe adhikaari rakh kar. Gaon zyaadatar mukhiya, hisaab rakhne waale aur sthaaniya samitiyon se chalte the, aur 9th sadi tak dakshin mein kai staron pe sabhaayein ban gayi theen; Uttaramerur ke Chola shilalekh batate hain ki gaon ki sabha ke sadasya kaise chune jaate the.

Baaki ilaakon pe samantas ke zariye shaasan hota tha, jo adheen raja the, kar dete, sena le jaate aur sthaaniya kaam chalaate the. Wo zaroori the, par jab kendra kamzor hota, unki wafadaari toot sakti thi: Rashtrakutas pehle Chalukyon ke samanta the, phir unhe hi hata diya.

Kheti, vyapar aur shehar

Gupta samay mein shuru hue land grants bahut badhe. Raja, sardar aur adhikaari vyaktiyon, samudaayon aur dharmik sansthaon ko zameen dete the, jisse naye zameendaar bane; kai khud kheti nahi karte the, aur kisaanon ka aksar shoshan hota tha. Grants se nayi zameen bhi kheti mein aayi. Sinchai phaili: Pallavon ne Tamil Nadu mein kai taalaab banaaye jo aaj bhi kaam karte hain, aur daani garv se kuen, talaab aur taalaab banwaane ka zikr karte the. Nakdi faslon ne dastkaari ko sahaara diya.

Chhote vyapaari sthaaniya bazaar chalaate the, jabki jahaazon ke maalik vyapaari pashchimi tat se Iran, Iraq aur East Africa ke bandargaahon se, aur poorvi tat se Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia aur China se vyapar karte the. Chera taamra-pattiyan West Asia ke Christian, Jewish aur Muslim vyapaariyon ka zikr karti hain. Vyapaariyon, kaarigaron aur mahajanon ke guilds taakatwar the. Samaaj zyaadatar gramin raha, par kai shehar phale-phoole, aur dakshin mein mandir vyapar ke kendra bhi the.

Log aur samaaj

Samaaj zyaada jatil hua. Jatiyan badheen, kai pesha ya ilaake pe aadharit, aur zyaadatar log apne samooh mein hi shaadi karte the. Kabeelon aur pravaasiyon jaise kuch samooh varna-jati vyavastha mein shaamil hue, jo lachili thi: jaise Palas ke baare mein kaha jaata hai ki wo Shudra mool se uthkar Kshatriya maane gaye. Kayastha, jo pehle alag-alag varnon ke munshi the, 10th sadi tak ek jati ban gaye. Saath hi kuch granth kuch samudaayon ko ‘achhoot’ maanne ki baat karte hain, aur Xuanzang ne dekha ki kuch kaam karne waalon ko shehar ke bahar rehna padta tha.

Mahilaaon ki zindagi ilaake aur varg ke hisaab se alag thi. Bana mahilaaon ko kheti, dastkaari aur raajdarbaar mein kaam karte dikhaate hain, aur shilalekh mahilaaon ke mandiron ko daan aur paani ke saadhan banwaane ka zikr karte hain. Kuch raaniyon ne raaj kiya, jaise Kashmir ki Rani Didda aur Odisha ke Bhauma-Kara vansh ki Tribhuvana Mahadevi I.

Aastha aur Bhakti

Shaasakon ne apni aastha jo bhi ho, Hindu, Buddhist aur Jain paramparaon ko sahaara diya, aur in paramparaon mein dharma aur karma jaise vichaar saajha the. Buddhism poorab mein Palas ke samay phala-phoola par baaki jagah ghata; Jainism pashchimi India aur Karnataka mein mazboot raha, jahan Shravanabelagola ki vishaal Bahubali murti 10th sadi ki hai. Puranas ne sthaaniya devtaaon ko Shiva, Vishnu, Krishna aur deviyon se joda. Bhakti, sabke liye khuli prem bhari bhakti, dakshin se phaili: Andal samet 12 Alvaron ne Vishnu ke, aur teen mahilaaon samet 63 Nayanaron ne Shiva ke geet Tamil mein gaaye. Baad mein poore India ke santon ne kshetriya bhashaon mein likha.

Ganit aur khagol

598 mein Bhillamala mein janme Brahmagupta ne apne Brahmasphutasiddhanta mein zero, negative numbers aur fractions ke saath ganana ke niyam diye. Bhaskara I ne trigonometry pe kaam kiya, Virahanka ne wo kram bataya jise aaj Virahanka–Fibonacci kehte hain, aur Rashtrakuta darbaar mein Mahavira ne khagol se alag ganit ki pehli kitaab likhi. Arabi mein anuvaad hokar Indian ganit zero waale ankon ko Europe tak le gaya.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

In sadiyon ke vichaar, mandir, kavitaayein aur ank aaj bhi Indian zindagi ko aakaar dete hain. Shaasakon ki tulna Harsha aur Kannauj ki ladaai aur Deccan aur dakshin ke rajya se karo. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 3 ke notes dekho.