Deccan aur dakshin ke rajya

Bhara-poora Deccan aur dakshin

Vakataka vansh khatm hone ke baad kai mazboot rajya Deccan ke pathaar aur door dakshin ke liye bhide. Wo aksar lade, kabhi dost bhi bane, aur lagbhag sabne mandir banaaye, vidya ko sahaara diya aur videsh se vyapar kiya.

Chalukya

Pulakeshin I ne 6th sadi ke beech Chalukya vansh shuru kiya. Unke pote Pulakeshin II ne Harsha ka dakshin ki taraf badhna roka aur rajya ko bada kiya. Rajdhani Vatapi (Badami) mein sundar Hindu aur Jain gufa mandir hain, aur purani rajdhani Aryapura (Aihole) mein Hindu, Buddhist aur Jain dharmon ke 100 se zyaada mandir hain. Aihole mein darbaari kavi Ravikirti ne Meguti Jain mandir pe ek lambe shilalekh mein Pulakeshin II ki tareef ki, haalaanki iske kuch daave badha-chadha kar hain. Xuanzang ne likha ki raja ke achhe kaamon ka asar door tak mehsoos hota tha. 7th sadi ki shuruaat mein Vindhya ke uttar ki zameen Harsha ke paas thi, aur dakshin ki Pulakeshin II ke paas.

Baad mein Pallavon ne Pulakeshin II ko haraaya, aur 8th sadi ke beech Rashtrakutas ne Deccan le liya. Ek shaakha, Eastern Chalukya, ne Andhra Pradesh ke Vengi se raaj kiya, jahan Telugu aur Kannada sahitya phala-phoola; ek aur shaakha ne 10th sadi se Kalyani mein vansh phir uthaaya.

Rashtrakuta

Manyakheta (Karnataka ka Malkheda) se Rashtrakutas lagbhag do sadi tak sabse mazboot shaktiyon mein rahe. Krishna I ne Ellora mein ek pahaadi kaat kar Kailasha mandir tarashwaaya: ye banaaya nahi gaya, tarasha gaya hai, aur India ka sabse bada chattaan-kaat mandir hai. Amoghavarsha I, jinhe Nripatunga, yaani ‘rajaon ki choti’, kehte the, ne 64 saal raaj kiya, Jainism ki taraf jhukaav ke saath Hindu mandiron ko bhi sahaara diya, aur Sanskrit aur Kannada mein likha; Bengaluru ki Nrupatunga Road unke naam pe hai. Arab yatri Al-Masudi ne ek Rashtrakuta raja ki sena aur unke rajya mein Musalmaanon ki suraksha ki tareef ki.

Pallava

Kanchi (Kanchipuram) se Pallava 7th sadi mein shikhar pe the, Mahendravarman I ke samay, jinhone ek vyangya naatak likha, aur unke bete Narasimhavarman I, jinhe Mamalla kehte the, ke samay. Narasimhavarman ne Pulakeshin II ko haraakar Badami pe kabza kiya aur phir laut aaye, Tungabhadra nadi ko anlikhi seema maan kar. Unhone ek rajkumaar ko gaddi waapas dilaane ke liye Sri Lanka mein jahaazi sena bhi bheji. Kanchi masaale, resham aur haathi-daant ka vyapar karta tha, aur Mamallapuram bandargaah se Chinese, Persian aur Roman sikke mile hain. Wahan Pallavon ne gufaayein aur ek-patthar mandir tarashe, jinme Durga ka bhains raakshas se ladne ka jeevant drishya bhi hai. Wo Jain, Vaishnav aur Shaiv paramparaon aur Sanskrit aur Tamil kaviyon ke sanrakshak the. 9th sadi ke ant mein Chola raja Aditya I ne unhe hataaya.

Pandya, Chera aur Chola

Ashoka ke shilalekhon aur Sangam kavita mein bahut pehle jinke naam aaye the, wo teen rajya phir uthe. Madurai ke Pandyas ne 6th sadi tak dakshini Tamil Nadu pe raaj kiya, Korkai jaise bandargaahon se Southeast Asia se vyapar kiya, aur Mahabharata ka Tamil anuvaad karwaaya. Cheras, ya Chera Perumals, Kerala tat pe swatantra rahe. Cholas 9th sadi mein Vijayalaya ke saath Thanjavur rajdhani banaakar laute, aur unke bete Aditya I ne Pallavon ko haraaya. Aage Cholon ne dakshin India ke sabse bade samrajyon mein se ek banaaya, kushal shaasan, mazboot jahaazi sena, bhavya mandiron, Nataraja jaisi kaansya murtiyon aur Kaveri delta ke upjaau kheton ke saath.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

In rajyon ne India ko Ellora se Mamallapuram tak kuch sabse mahaan smaarak diye, aur dakshin ko samudra se badi duniya se jode rakha. Uttar ki tulna Harsha aur Kannauj ki ladaai se karo aur rozmarra ki zindagi 6th se 10th sadi ka samaaj aur sanskriti mein padho. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 3 ke notes dekho.