Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: Turning Tides, 11th and 12th Centuries

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 (2026-27) ke Part 2 Chapter 4, Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries, ke har sawaal ka jawab: Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur Think About It box, Lilavati ki paheli aur saare 8 sawaal aur activities. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 97–124). Short notes: Part 2 Chapter 4 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 97)

1. 11th aur 12th sadi ko badlaav ka daur kyun maana jaata hai? Turkic hamlaavar uttar India mein pehle ke kisi bhi hamlaavar se kahin zyaada andar tak pahunche. Mahmud of Ghazni ne hamle aur loot ki, aur Muhammad Ghuri aur uske generalon ne uttar ke kuch hisson mein videshi raaj shuru kiya, jo Delhi Sultanate bana. Mandir, shehar aur Nalanda jaise gyaan ke kendra nasht hue, aur Islam ek naye dharm ke roop mein phaila. Phir bhi bahut kuch chalta raha: uttar ka zyaadatar hissa aur poora dakshin Indian rajyon ke paas raha, aur vyapar, kheti, kala aur gyaan chalte rahe. Jis daur mein aise badlaav ke saath nirantarta bhi ho, wo transition, yaani badlaav ka daur hai.

2. Kaun si nayi shaktiyan uthi, aur unki aarthik, sainik aur prashaasanik khoobiyan kya theen? Uttar-pashchim se Turkic Ghaznavids aur Ghurids aaye, tez ghudsawaar sena aur ghode pe sawaar teerandaazon ke saath. India ke andar Senas, Eastern Gangas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas, Paramaras, Chandellas, Chaulukyas aur Chahamanas uthe, aur Cholas apne shikhar pe pahunche. Lagaataar yuddh ka matlab tha sainikon, ghodon, haathiyon aur oonton ki badi senaayein, jinka kharch ek kushal prashaasan uthaata tha jo adheen rajaon se nazraana aur vyapaariyon se kar vasoolta tha. Muhammad Ghuri ka tantra zyaada kendriya tha, jisme adhikaariyon ko kar vasoolne aur sainik seva ke badle thode samay ke liye zameen di jaati thi. Kakatiyas ne gaon ka apna shaasan, achhi kar vyavastha aur sinchai banaayi; Cholas ke paas mazboot navy aur saarvajanik kaam the. Kheti arthvyavastha ki neev thi, aur merchant guilds ke zariye China aur Southeast Asia ke saath vyapar badh raha tha.

3. Is daur mein kaun si oonchi uplabdhiyan milti hain? Vastukala mein: Thanjavur ka Brihadishvara mandir aur Gangaikondacholapuram ka mandir, Belur aur Halebidu ke Hoysala mandir, Warangal ke Kakatiya darwaaze aur Thousand Pillar mandir, Khajuraho ke mandir, Puri ka Jagannatha mandir, aur Bhoja ki jheel aur Bhojeshwar mandir. Sahitya mein: Jayadeva ka Gitagovindam, Basavanna ke Kannada vachanas, Telugu rachnaayein, aur Bhoja aur Someshvara III ke granth. Vigyan mein: Bhaskaracharya ki Lilavati, Bijaganita aur Siddhantashiromani, aur al-Biruni ka Indian gyaan ka sarvekshan. Vichaar mein: Ramanujacharya ka vishishtadvaita aur Basavanna ka Lingayat andolan. Indian sanskriti ne Cambodia ke Angkor Wat ko bhi prerna di.

Ghaznavid hamle (pages 99–107)

Let’s Explore (page 100): Khyber Pass ka sketch kaisa ilaaka dikhaata hai? Oobad-khaabad, pathreele pahaad jinki dhalaan seedhi hai, aur unke beech se ghoomti ek sankri ghaati, jiske upar ek oonchaai pe kila hai.

Indus ke maidaanon tak jaane waali sena ko isse kya faayde the? Aur kya khatre? Faayde: ye Hindu Kush ke paar sabse seedha raasta tha, ghaati ke saath ek jaana-pehchaana raasta jo seedha ameer maidaanon tak le jaata tha. Khatre: raasta sankra hai, isliye oonchaai pe baithi chhoti toli badi sena pe ghaat lagaakar hamla kar sakti ya use rok sakti thi; rasad, ghode aur saamaan le jaana dheema aur mushkil tha; mausam aur girte pathar bhi khatra the; aur isse peechhe hatna mushkil tha.

Vyapaariyon ke kaafilon ke liye wahi sawaal. Faayde: sadiyon tak ye India ko Central Asia aur usse aage jodne waala mukhya vyapar raasta tha, pahaadon ke chaaron or ghoomne se chhota, aur raaste mein kile aur padaav the. Khatre: daaku aur lutere, chungi, sankre hisson mein ghaat, kathor mausam, aur logon aur saamaan dhone waale jaanwaron ke liye thakaane waali chadhaai.

Think About It (page 101): al-Biruni ki is baat se ki Hindu Shahis neik the aur hamesha bhala karna chahte the, hum kya nateeja nikaal sakte hain? Shahis ko haraane waale Mahmud ke saath chalne waala vidwaan bhi unki tareef karta hai, to wo zaroor izzatdaar aur imaandaar shaasak rahe honge. Isse ye bhi dikhta hai ki al-Biruni haare hue logon ke saath bhi nyaay karne ki koshish karta tha, jo use ek keemti srot banaata hai. Aur ye pakka hota hai ki uske samay tak ye vansh poori tarah khatm ho chuka tha.

Let’s Explore (page 103): naya Somanatha mandir (1950 mein bana, 1951 mein khula) poori tarah logon ke daan se kyun banaaya gaya? Taaki log khud ise dobara banaayein, apni aastha, garv aur kai baar nasht hone ke baad bhi khade rehne ki taakat ke prateek ke roop mein; aur kyunki ek dharmnirpeksh loktantra mein sarkaar kisi ek dharm ke pooja sthal ke liye janta ke paise ka use nahi karti. (Extra) Bataaya jaata hai ki Mahatma Gandhi ne salaah di thi ki paisa sarkaar se nahi, janta se aaye.

Lilavati (page 105): jhund mein kitne haathi the? Jhund ko N maano. Aadha aur aadhe ka ek-tihaai N/2 + N/6 = 2N/3 (gufa). Chhatha aur chhathe ka saatvaan N/6 + N/42 = 4N/21 (nadi). Aathvaan aur aathve ka nauvaan N/8 + N/72 = 5N/36 (taalaab). Raja aur teen hathniyan milakar 4. Kyunki 2/3 + 4/21 + 5/36 = 251/252, ye 4 haathi jhund ka 1/252 hain, isliye N = 4 × 252 = 1008: 672 gufa mein, 192 nadi pe, 140 taalaab mein aur 4 raja ke saath.

Cholas (pages 110–113)

Let’s Explore (page 112): Fig. 4.14 mein raja kaun hai aur guru kaun? Raja ki mudra kya dikhaati hai? Guru wo bade umar ke, daadhi waale vyakti hain jinke baal oonche bandhe hain. Raja wo kam umar ke, bina daadhi waale vyakti hain jinke sir pe mukut aur gehne hain, jo guru ke paas aur thoda peechhe khade hain. Unka shaant chehra aur shaant mudra apne guru ke liye aadar, vinamrata aur shraddha dikhaate hain: ek mahaan samraat bhi apne guru ka sammaan karta hai.

India mein Ghurid (pages 114–118)

Let’s Explore (page 117): Juzjani ke vivaran ke ‘kile’ ko Nalanda ke paas ka Buddhist math pehchaanne ke do aur sanket dhoondho. (1) Wahan ke logon ke sir mundaaye hue the: wo Brahman nahi, Buddhist bhikshu the, jo sir mundaate hain. (2) Wahan bahut saari kitaabein theen, yaani ek pustakaalay, Nalanda ke mashhoor pustakaalay jaisa. Saath mein wo jagah ek college thi jise ‘bihar’, yaani vihara, kehte the; ye sanket dikhaate hain ki wo ek Buddhist mahavihara, yaani math-vishwavidyalaya tha. (Extra) Kai itihaaskaar maante hain ki ye aaj ke Bihar Sharif ka Odantapuri math tha, jo Nalanda ke paas hai; Bihar rajya ka naam bhi vihara se aaya hai.

Shaasan, vyapar aur saanskritik jeevan (pages 118–121)

Let’s Explore (page 121): Basava har prishthbhoomi ke logon ko Anubhava Mandapa mein ek saath kyun laana chahte the? Wo maante the ki har insaan ki aadhyaatmik keemat barabar hai, chaahe uski jaati, ling, daulat ya bhasha kuch bhi ho. Sabko ek saath laane se log ek doosre se seekhte, samaaj ki deewarein tootti, aur khuli charcha se ek zyaada nyaaypoorn aur ekjut samaaj banta.

Agar aaj Anubhava Mandapa hota, to logon ko kin vishayon pe charcha karni chahiye? Kuch sambhav vishay: har tarah ke bhedbhaav ko khatm karna; sabke liye shiksha; imaandaar kaam aur sahi mazdoori; paani, jungle aur jalvaayu ki raksha; dayaaluta aur maansik swasthya; technology ka samajhdaari se use; aur hum sab samaaj ki seva kaise kar sakte hain.

Iski bhaavna se aaj ek nyaaypoorn aur sabhya samaaj ke liye kya seekh milti hai? Har insaan ka barabar sammaan karo; apne se alag vichaar suno; asehmati shaanti se baat karke suljhaao; faislon mein auraton aur har prishthbhoomi ke logon ko shaamil karo; aur logon ko janm ya darje se nahi, unke charitra aur kaam se parkho.

Questions and activities (pages 123–124)

1. Ye daur bada badlaav kyun hai? Badlaav aur nirantarta ke do do udaharan. Ye badlaav ka daur hai kyunki Indian rajyon ki aapasi ladaaiyon ke purane dhaanche mein ab gehre Turkic hamle bhi jud gaye, jinhone uttar ke kuch hisson mein videshi raaj shuru kiya, jabki Indian jeevan ka bahut kuch chalta raha. Badlaav: (a) Turkic hamlon mein loot hui aur mandir, shehar aur Nalanda jaise gyaan ke sthaan nasht hue; (b) uttar India ke kuch hisson mein videshi raaj shuru hua, jo baad mein Delhi Sultanate bana, aur Islam ek naye dharm ke roop mein phaila. Nirantarta: (a) uttar ka bada hissa aur poora dakshin Cholas, Kakatiyas aur Hoysalas jaise Indian rajyon ke paas raha, jo aapas mein ladte aur gathbandhan karte rahe; (b) merchant guilds ke zariye China aur Southeast Asia ke saath vyapar badhta raha, aur mandir, sahitya aur vigyan phalte-phoolte rahe.

2. Is chapter ke liye ‘vanshon ka sitaara’. Har vansh ko kendra ke chaaron or uski mote taur ki disha mein rakho. Uttar: Chahamanas aur Chandellas. Uttar-pashchim: Hindu Shahis, aur hamlaavar Ghaznavids aur Ghurids. Uttar-poorab: Senas aur Kamarupa. Pashchim: Chaulukyas aur Paramaras. Poorab: Eastern Gangas. Dakshin-pashchim: Western Chalukyas aur Hoysalas. Dakshin-poorab: Kakatiyas aur Eastern Chalukyas. Dakshin: Cholas aur Pandyas.

3. Chapter ke vanshon ki bhaugolik yatra. Subcontinent ke naqshe pe chapter ke apne kram ko follow karo: (1) uttar-pashchim, Ghazni aur Khyber Pass (Ghaznavids, Hindu Shahis); (2) Punjab, Mathura aur Kannauj; (3) Gujarat tat pe Somnath; (4) Bengal (Nadiya mein Senas); (5) Kalinga (Eastern Gangas); (6) Deccan (Kalyani mein Western Chalukyas, Vengi mein Eastern Chalukyas, Warangal mein Kakatiyas); (7) Karnataka (Belur aur Halebidu mein Hoysalas); (8) Tamil tat (Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram aur Kanchi mein Cholas, aur samudra ke raaste Srivijaya); (9) Malwa (Dhara mein Paramaras); (10) Gujarat (Patan mein Chaulukyas, Mount Abu); (11) Ajmer, Delhi aur Tarain (Chahamanas); (12) Bihar (Nalanda, Vikramashila); (13) Kamarupa. Naqshe pe har rajdhani ka nishaan lagao aur unhe isi kram mein teer se jodo.

4. Rajendra I ke bede ne lagbhag kitni doori tay ki? Naqshe pe uske scale se Chola tat (jaise Nagapattinam) se Strait of Malacca tak naapo. Bay of Bengal ke paar seedhe Malay Peninsula ke Kadaram (Kedah) tak lagbhag 2,300–2,400 km hai; strait se aage Sumatra ke Palembang tak samudra ke raaste lagbhag 3,500 km. (Extra) Chola shilalekh hamle ki jagahon mein Kadaram ka naam lete hain, aur kai itihaaskaar Srivijaya ki rajdhani Palembang mein maante hain.

5. Jode milaao. (a) Eastern Gangas – (iii) Konark Surya mandir; (b) Chandellas – (iv) Kandariya Mahadeva mandir; (c) Paramaras – (v) Bhojeshwar mandir; (d) Hoysalas – (i) Belur; (e) Cholas – (ii) Brihadishvara mandir.

6. Is chapter aur pichhle chapter ke vanshon ki tulna.

Samooh	Vansh
Dono chapters mein	Chalukya (Kalyani ke Western Chalukyas aur Vengi ke Eastern Chalukyas), Cholas, Pandyas, Palas (ab kamzor), Gurjara-Pratiharas (Kannauj mein unke aakhri raja) aur Kamarupa rajya
Pichhle chapter ke baad gaayab	Pushyabhutis (Harsha), Kashmir ke Karkotas, Pallavas, Cheras, Rashtrakutas (ab sirf Paramaras ke purane maalik ke roop mein naam) aur Kamarupa ke Varmans
Is chapter mein naye	Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Senas, Eastern Gangas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas, Paramaras, Chandellas, Chaulukyas (Solankis) aur Chahamanas (Chauhans)

(Pichhla chapter Paramaras, Chahamanas aur Gangas ka sirf ek list mein naam leta hai, aur Kakatiyas ka ek baar.)

7. Nalanda jaise gyaan ke kendron pe chhota note. (1) Ye kyun zaroori the: Nalanda, ek bada Buddhist mahavihara, poore India aur videsh se shikshakon aur chhaatron ko kheenchta tha, jaise Chinese yatri Xuanzang aur Yijing aur Tibet ke vidwaan. Teen manzila imaaraton mein bane iske pustakaalay mein laakhon pandulipiyan theen, aur India ke rajaon aur Srivijaya tak ke rajaon ne ise sahaara diya. Aise kendra poore Asia mein gyaan ko bachaate aur phailaate the. (2) Inke vinaash ka asar: Bakhtiyar Khilji ke hamle mein bhikshu maare gaye aur kaha jaata hai ki pustakaalay mahinon jalta raha, isliye anginat pandulipiyan aur bahut sa gyaan kho gaya. Shikshak aur chhaatr bikhar gaye, aur Tibet ke vidwaan jitni kitaabein le ja sake, lekar ghar bhaage. Itihaaskaar maante hain ki isse India mein Buddhism ka patan tez hua, aur is ilaake mein shiksha ko lambe samay tak nuksaan hua. Phir bhi dashakon baad khandaharon mein lagbhag 70 chhaatron ko padhaate boodhe shikshak Rahula Shribhadra dikhaate hain ki gyaan ko mitaana kitna mushkil hai.

8. Mahmud baar baar hamle kyun karta raha, jabki Muhammad Ghuri tikau kabza chahta tha? Unke maqsad ne nateejon ko kaise aakaar diya? Mahmud ki shakti Ghazni mein thi, aur wo India mukhya roop se iski daulat ke liye aata tha, mandiron aur shaharon mein jama khazaane ke liye, aur uske samay ke lekhakon ke anusaar apne Islam ke roop ko phailaane ke liye bhi. Isliye wo hamla karta, nasht karta aur ghar laut jaata, aur uski maut ke baad uttar India ke rajya chalte rahe. Bikharte Ghaznavid samrajya ko sambhaalne waala Muhammad Ghuri zameen, kar aur tikau raaj chahta tha. Usne jo jeeta use rakha, adhikaariyon ko thode samay ki zameen dekar ek kendriya tantra chalaaya, aur Qutb-ud-din Aibak jaise bharosemand generalon ko peechhe chhoda. Uske maqsad se Delhi Sultanate bani aur sadiyon tak uttar India ki raajneeti badal gayi.