Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 4: Turning Tides, 11th and 12th Centuries (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
Turning Tides 11th aur 12th sadi ke India ki kahani hai, jo badlaav ka daur tha. Mahmud of Ghazni ne baar baar uttar India pe hamle kiye, aur baad mein Muhammad Ghuri ne Delhi aur Ganga ke maidaanon ka bada hissa jeeta, jisme Nalanda samet bahut tabaahi hui. Phir bhi zyaadatar India Indian rajyon ke haath mein raha: Cholas samudra pe chhaaye, kshetriya rajya phale-phoole, aur vyapar, mandir, vigyan aur Bhakti chalte rahe.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Pichhla chapter Arabon pe khatm hua tha, jinke hamlon ka India pe zyaada asar nahi pada. 11th aur 12th sadi alag thi. Uttar-pashchim se Turkic shaktiyan uttar India mein kahin zyaada andar tak ghus aayi, haalaanki unhe kada muqaabla mila. Chapter ek hamle se shuru hota hai aur doosre pe khatm, par dono ke beech kai Indian rajya phale-phoole: wo hamlaavaron se (aur aapas mein) lade, samudra paar navy bheji, bade mandir banaaye aur kaviyon, santon aur vaigyanikon ko sahaara diya. Book ek saavdhaani bhi deti hai: itihaas mein shaanti se zyaada yuddh darj hote hain, aur andhere dauron ko imaandaari se padhna behtar hai, par aaj ke kisi insaan ko unke liye zimmedaar nahi thehraaya ja sakta.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Hindu Shahis aaj ke Afghanistan se Punjab tak raaj karte the aur Khyber Pass sambhaalte the, jo Hindu Kush ke paar Indus ke maidaanon ka mukhya raasta tha. Ghazni ke Turkic Ghaznavids ne unhe hara diya: unke raja Mahmud ne Jayapala ko aur phir 1008 mein unke bete Anandapala ko haraaya, jabki uttar India ke doosre rajaon ne madad bheji thi. Kul milakar Mahmud ne India pe 17 abhiyaan kiye. 1018 mein usne Mathura aur Kannauj ko loota aur 1026 mein Somnath mandir nasht kiya, aur bhaari khazaana le gaya; uski senaaon ne kai aam logon ko maara aur gulaam banaaya. Chandellas jaise rajaon ne kada muqaabla kiya, phir bhi usne Punjab ke aage raaj karne ki koshish nahi ki. Aur padho Ghaznavi aur Ghuri hamle mein.
Mahmud apne saath Persian vidwaan al-Biruni ko laaya, jisne Sanskrit seekhi, Indian vidwaanon se baat ki aur Indian dharm, darshan aur vigyan ka vistaar se sarvekshan likha. Usne ye bhi likha ki Mahmud ke hamlon ne gyaan ko Kashmir aur Varanasi jaisi jagahon pe bhaga diya. Doosri jagahon pe gyaan phir bhi phala-phoola: 1114 mein janme Bhaskaracharya ne Lilavati likhi, jo mazedaar paheliyon se bhari ganit ki kitaab hai, aur saath mein Bijaganita aur Siddhantashiromani bhi.
Poorab aur dakshin
Palas ke baad Senas ne Nadiya se Bengal ke bade hisse pe raaj kiya aur kavi Jayadeva ko sahaara diya, jinhone Gitagovindam likha. Kalinga mein Eastern Gangas ne Puri ke Jagannatha mandir ki shuruaat ki. Deccan mein Kakatiyas ne pathar ke darwaazon waale Orugallu (Warangal) se raaj kiya, aur Karnataka ke Hoysalas ne Belur aur Halebidu ke baareek nakkaashi waale mandir banaaye. Dekho 11th aur 12th sadi ke kshetriya rajya.
Aur dakshin mein Cholas samudra ke maalik bane. Rajaraja I ne uttari Sri Lanka jeeta aur Thanjavur mein Brihadishvara mandir banaaya. Unke bete Rajendra I ne Bengal tak abhiyaan kiye, Gangaikondachola upaadhi li aur 1025 mein Srivijaya samrajya pe navy bheji, jo China ke ek samudri raaste ko control karta tha. Padho Chola samrajya.
Ghurid: ek mod
Uttar mein waapas, Malwa ke Bhoja Paramara vidwaan raja the. Isi beech Ghur ke Muhammad Ghuri ne Ghazni le liya aur India ki taraf badha. 1178 mein Gujarat ke Chaulukyas ne use Mount Abu ke paas haraaya, aur 1191 mein Tarain mein Prithviraja III ne, par 1192 mein usne Tarain ki doosri ladaai jeeti aur Delhi le liya. Mahmud ke ulat, usne zameen sambhaalne ke liye general chhode; unme se ek, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, ne baad mein Delhi Sultanate shuru ki. Doosre, Bakhtiyar Khilji, ne Nalanda aur Vikramashila ke bade math aur vishwavidyalaya nasht kiye, Bengal mein Sena raaj khatm kiya, aur phir 1205 mein Kamarupa mein apni zyaadatar sena kho di.
Shaasan, vyapar aur sanskriti
Lagaataar yuddh ka matlab tha badi senaayein, isliye rajyon ko kar aur nazraana vasoolne ke liye mazboot prashaasan chahiye tha; Muhammad Ghuri ka tantra zyaada kendriya tha, jisme adhikaariyon ko thode samay ke liye zameen di jaati thi. China aur Southeast Asia ke saath vyapar lagaataar badha, haalaanki kheti hi arthvyavastha ki neev rahi. Rajaon aur vidwaanon ne khoob likha, Someshvara III ke Manasollasa se Bhoja ke granthon tak, aur Chandellas ne Khajuraho ke mandir banaaye. Ramanujacharya ne vishishtadvaita sikhaaya, aur Basavanna ne jaati ke bhed ke khilaaf Lingayat andolan shuru kiya.
Ek nazar mein
Is daur mein asli badlaav aaye: loot, mandiron aur gyaan ke kendron ka vinaash, uttar ke kuch hisson mein videshi raaj ki shuruaat, aur ek naye dharm ke roop mein Islam ka phailaav. Par bahut kuch chalta raha: uttar ka bada hissa aur poora dakshin aazaad raha, vyapar aur guilds chalte rahe, aur Indian sanskriti Southeast Asia tak gayi, jahan Angkor Wat bana. Part 2 Chapter 3 ke Deccan aur dakshin ke rajyon se tulna karo, aur har jawab Part 2 Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein dekho.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Turkic | Central Asia se Turkey aur Siberia tak phaile bade ilaake ke logon, bhashaon aur sanskritiyon se juda. Ghaznavid aur Ghurid Turkic shaktiyan theen. |
| Sultan | Arabi shabd jiska matlab hai adhikaar ya shakti; baad mein Muslim deshon mein ye sarvochch raja ke liye use hone laga. Mahmud of Ghazni ne ye upaadhi li. |
| Khyber Pass | Hindu Kush pahaadon ke beech se aaj ke Afghanistan aur Indus ke maidaanon ko jodne waala mukhya raasta, jise sadiyon tak vyapaariyon, Buddhist bhikshuon aur hamlaavaron ne use kiya. |
| Hindu Shahis | Ek vansh jo aaj ke Afghanistan se Punjab tak raaj karta tha aur Khyber Pass sambhaalta tha, jab tak 11th sadi ki shuruaat mein Mahmud ne unhe hara nahi diya. |
| Punitive expedition | Aisa abhiyaan jiska maqsad dushman ko saza dena ho, uski zameen pe kabza karna nahi, jaise Srivijaya pe Rajendra Chola ka samudri hamla. |
| Merchant guild | Vyapaariyon ka sangathan. Indian guilds ne Chola navy ka saath diya aur ladaaiyon ke beech bhi vyapar chalaaye rakha. |
| Vishishtadvaita | Ramanujacharya ka Vedanta school, jo duniya aur har aatma ko sach maanta hai aur bhakti aur bhagwaan ke aage samarpan sikhaata hai. |
| Lingayat movement | Basavanna ka shuru kiya andolan, jisne jaati aur karmkaand ko nakaara aur nijee bhakti aur imaandaar mehnat sikhaayi. |
| Anubhava Mandapa | Anubhav ka mandap: Kalyani mein Basavanna ka sabhaagaar, jahan har prishthbhoomi ke mard aur auratein zindagi, mulyon aur dharm pe charcha karte the. |
| Transition | Aisa daur jab ek sthiti badal kar doosri banti hai. Itihaaskaar dekhte hain ki kya badla aur kya chalta raha. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Uttar-pashchim se Subcontinent mein aane ke liye kai hamlaavaron ne kaunsa pahaadi raasta use kiya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Khyber Pass
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Thanjavur ka Brihadishvara mandir kisne banwaaya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Rajaraja Chola I
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1192 mein Tarain ki doosri ladaai kisne jeeti?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Muhammad Ghuri
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Belur aur Halebidu ke Hoysala mandir aaj ke kis rajya mein hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Karnataka
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Malwa ke kis vidwaan raja ne Samarangana Sutradhara likha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Bhoja
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Nalanda aur Vikramashila vishwavidyalaya kisne nasht kiye?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Bakhtiyar Khilji
Students ke sawal
Class 7 SST Part 2 Chapter 4 ke main topics kya hain?
Mahmud of Ghazni ke hamle aur Hindu Shahis ka ant; vidwaan al-Biruni aur Bhaskaracharya; Senas, Eastern Gangas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas aur Paramaras; Chola samrajya aur uski navy; uttar India pe Ghurid kabza aur Nalanda ka vinaash; aur shaasan, vyapar aur saanskritik jeevan, jisme Ramanuja aur Basavanna aate hain.
11th aur 12th sadi ko mod kyun kaha jaata hai?
Turkic hamlaavar uttar India mein bahut andar tak pahunche. Mahmud of Ghazni ne hamle aur loot ki, aur Muhammad Ghuri aur uske generalon ne uttar ke kuch hisson mein videshi raaj shuru kiya, jo baad mein Delhi Sultanate bana. Phir bhi uttar ka bada hissa aur poora dakshin Indian rajyon ke paas raha, aur vyapar, kala aur gyaan chalte rahe.
Kya Turning Tides nayi Class 7 SST Part 2 book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 7 Part 2 (2026-27) ka Chapter 4 hai, pages 97 se 124 tak, itihaas ki theme Tapestry of the Past mein.
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