11th aur 12th sadi ke kshetriya rajya

Poorab: Senas aur Eastern Gangas

Jab uttar Ghaznavid hamle jhel raha tha, poorvi India ka haal alag tha. Palas ke kamzor hone ke baad Senas Bengal ki pramukh shakti bane aur Nadiya (aaj ka Nadia zila) se raaj kiya. Padosi Kamarupa (Assam) aur Kalinga se unke rishte kabhi dosti ke, kabhi ladaai ke rahe. Buddhist mathon ko sahaara dene waale Palas ke ulat, Senas ne Hindu vichaar aur sahitya ko badhaava diya aur Jayadeva jaise kaviyon ko sahaara diya, jinka Gitagovindam Krishna aur Radha ki kahani kehta hai.

Tat ke saath neeche Kalinga, lagbhag aaj ke Odisha, mein Eastern Gangas ka raaj tha. Unke Chola parivaar se shaadi ke rishte the, phir bhi kabhi kabhi Cholas se ladaai bhi hui. 12th sadi ke ant tak wo poorab ki sabse sthir shaktiyon mein the, aur unke shilalekh daava karte hain ki unka rajya “Ganga se Godavari tak” tha. Unhone Puri ke Jagannatha mandir ki shuruaat ki, aur baad mein, 13th sadi ke beech, Konark ke bade Surya mandir ki.

Deccan: Kakatiyas aur Hoysalas

Kalyani ke Western Chalukyas saalon tak Vengi ke liye Cholas se lade, jo Eastern Chalukyas ki upjaau zameen thi. Wo kamzor padte gaye, aur unki jagah do nayi shaktiyan uthi. 12th sadi mein Kakatiyas ne aaj ke Telangana aur Andhra Pradesh ke zyaadatar hisse pe pakka kabza jamaaya. Unki rajdhani Orugallu (Warangal) mein pathar ke shaandaar darwaazon, yaani toranas, waala kila tha, aur unhone Hanamkonda mein Thousand Pillar mandir banaaya. Unhone Telugu sahitya, gaon ke apne shaasan, achhi kar vyavastha aur sinchai ko sahaara diya.

Hoysalas dakshini Karnataka se aaye. Shilalekhon aur mandiron ki nakkaashi mein bataayi ek katha unka naam samjhaati hai: jab ek Jain mandir mein baagh aaya, to wahan ke tapasvi ne pukaara “Poy, Sala!” (“maaro, Sala!”), aur unke sansthaapak Sala ne baat maankar tapasvi ki jaan bachaayi. Velapura (Belur) aur Dvarasamudra (Halebidu) se raja Vishnuvardhana ne Chalukyon se alag hokar Karnataka ka zyaadatar hissa le liya. Khambhon, moortiyon aur panelon pe nakkaashi waale unke mandir mashhoor hain; unme se teen UNESCO World Heritage smaarak hain.

Madhya India: Bhoja Paramara aur Chandellas

Paramaras, jo pehle Pratiharas aur Rashtrakutas ke adheen the, Dhara (Dhar) se Malwa pe raaj karte the. Unke sabse mahaan raja Bhoja ne 1010 se lagbhag pachaas saal raaj kiya, Konkan tat se Rajasthan ke hisson tak, aur Mahmud ke khilaaf Hindu Shahis ki madad ke liye sena bheji. Wo vidwaan raja the: unhone vastukala, nagar yojana aur mashinon pe Samarangana Sutradhara likha, saath mein shaasan, kavya aur chikitsa pe granth bhi. Unhone Bhopal ke paas ek vishaal jheel banwaayi, aur kaha jaata hai ki Bhopal naam ‘Bhojpal’ se aaya, aur kabhi poora na hua Bhojeshwar mandir shuru kiya. Madhya India ke Chandellas ne Mahmud ka muqaabla kiya aur Khajuraho mein darjanon mandir banaaye, jaise Kandariya Mahadeva mandir.

Pashchim: Chaulukyas aur Chahamanas

Chaulukya, yaani Solanki, Anahilavada (Patan) se Gujarat aur Rajasthan ke hisson pe raaj karte the. 1178 mein unke raja Mularaja II ne, ya ek doosre vivaran ke anusaar unki maa Rani Naikidevi ne, Mount Abu ke paas Muhammad Ghuri ko haraaya. Chahamana, yaani Chauhan, Ajayameru (Ajmer) se Rajasthan ke zyaadatar hisse pe raaj karte the aur Delhi bhi unke paas thi, jiska tab naam Dhillika tha. Unke raja Prithviraja III ne 1191 mein Tarain mein Ghuri ko haraaya, par 1192 mein wahin haar gaye.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Ye rajya dikhaate hain ki hamlon ke daur mein bhi India ka bada hissa apne vanshon ke haath mein tha, jinhone mandir, jheelein aur kile banaaye aur sahitya ko sahaara diya. Chola samrajya aur Ghaznavi aur Ghuri hamle padho. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 4 ke notes dekho.