Chola samrajya
Short mein jawab
Aaj ke Tamil Nadu ke Cholas 11th sadi mein samudra ke maalik bane. Rajaraja I ne uttari Sri Lanka jeeta aur Thanjavur mein Brihadishvara mandir banaaya. Unke bete Rajendra I ne Ganga tak abhiyaan kiye aur 1025 mein Srivijaya samrajya pe navy bheji. Baad mein lambe yuddhon ne unhe kamzor kiya, aur Pandyas ne unhe mila liya.
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Cholas kaun the?
Cholas aaj ke Tamil Nadu mein uthe; pichhle chapter mein humne unhe 9th sadi mein Vijayalaya ke samay dobara khada hote dekha tha (dekho Deccan aur dakshin ke rajya). 11th sadi mein wo Asia ke sabse taakatwar vanshon mein se ek bane, aur Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram aur Kanchi (Kanchipuram) unki rajdhaniyan theen. Zyaadatar Chola raja Shaiva, yaani Shiva ke bhakt the, par wo doosri paramparaon ko bhi sahaara dete the.
Rajaraja Chola I
985 se Rajaraja I ne lagbhag tees saal raaj kiya. Unhone aaj ke Karnataka aur Andhra Pradesh mein ilaake jeete, aur unke shilalekh ‘samudra ke dweep’ jeetne ka daava karte hain, jinhe zyaadatar itihaaskaar Maldives maante hain. Unhone Anuradhapura rajya samet uttari Sri Lanka bhi jeeta. Thanjavur mein unhone Brihadishvara mandir banwaaya, jise unke naam pe Rajarajeshvaram bhi kehte hain, jo vastukala aur engineering ka adbhut namoona hai. Shaiva hote hue bhi unhone Srivijaya samrajya ke raja ko Nagapattinam mein, jo tab ek bada Chola bandargaah tha, Buddhist vihara, yaani math, banaane mein madad di.
Rajendra Chola I
Unke bete Rajendra I ne bhi lagbhag tees saal raaj kiya aur samrajya ko aur uttar tak badhaaya, aaj ke Odisha aur Bengal mein ilaake jeete. Is jeet ki khushi mein unhone Gangaikondachola upaadhi li, yaani “wo Chola jisne Ganga ko jeeta (ya laaya)”, jo unke uttar ke abhiyaanon aur pavitra nadi dono ki taraf ishaara hai. Chola rajdhaniyon mein se ek, Gangaikondacholapuram, mein unka mandir uttar ke rajaon pe unki jeet ki yaad dilaata hai. Unhone uttari Sri Lanka pe Chola raaj bhi mazboot kiya, jise unke pita ne jeeta tha; wo lagbhag aadhi sadi Chola samrajya ka hissa raha, jab tak raja Vijayabahu I ne kai ladaaiyon ke baad Cholas ko bahar nahi nikaala.
Srivijaya pe samudri abhiyaan
Cholas ke samay China ke saath vyapar khoob phala, jaisa khudaai aur shilalekh dikhaate hain, aur Rajendra ne wahan doot bhi bheje. Par China ka ek samudri raasta Strait of Malacca se guzarta tha, jo Malay Peninsula aur Sumatra ke beech ka sankra samudra hai, aur use Srivijaya ka raja control karta tha. 1025 mein Rajendra ki navy ne Bay of Bengal paar kiya, Srivijaya ki senaaon ko haraaya aur unki rajdhani jeet li. Unhone samrajya pe kabza karne ki koshish nahi ki: ye kai Indian merchant guilds ke saath se kiya gaya saza dene waala abhiyaan tha, aur lagta hai ki ye apne maqsad mein safal raha. Rishte sirf dushmani ke nahi the. Ek Srivijaya raja ne Nalanda ko daan diya aur Pala raja ki ijaazat se wahan ek aur math banwaaya.
Ghar ka jeevan aur patan
Desh mein Cholas ne sadkein, taalaab, kuen, sinchai ki nahrein aur kritrim jheelein banwaayin. Brihadishvara mandir ki ek painting mein raja apne guru ke paas aadar se khade dikhte hain. Par lagaataar yuddh, khaaskar Western Chalukyas, Pandyas aur Sri Lanka ke shaasakon se, khazaana khaali karte gaye. 13th sadi tak samrajya bahut sikud gaya, aur aakhir mein Pandyas ne use mila liya.
Ye kyun zaroori hai
Cholas samudra pe India ki shakti dikhaate hain, aur ye bhi ki vyapar aur sanskriti ne India ko Southeast Asia aur China se kaise joda. Is daur ke doosre rajyon ke baare mein 11th aur 12th sadi ke kshetriya rajya mein aur uttar ke baare mein Ghaznavi aur Ghuri hamle mein padho. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 4 ke notes dekho.
Practice karo
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Kis Chola raja ne Brihadishvara mandir banwaaya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Rajaraja I
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Gangaikondachola upaadhi ka matlab hai:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) wo Chola jisne Ganga ko jeeta (ya laaya)
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Srivijaya samrajya kiska control rakhta tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Strait of Malacca
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Rajendra ne Srivijaya pe navy kyun bheji?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: China ke saath Chola vyapar khoob badh raha tha, par China ka ek samudri raasta Strait of Malacca se guzarta tha, jise Srivijaya ka raja control karta tha. Isse dono pratidwandi bane, isliye Rajendra ne Indian merchant guilds ki madad se saza dene waala abhiyaan bheja, jisne Srivijaya ko haraakar uski rajdhani jeet li.
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Cholas ke patan ki wajah kya thi?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Padosiyon, khaaskar Western Chalukyas, Pandyas aur Sri Lanka ke shaasakon se baar baar aur lambe yuddhon ne khazaana khaali kar diya. 13th sadi tak samrajya bahut sikud gaya aur aakhir mein Pandyas ne use mila liya.
Students ke sawal
Rajaraja Chola I kaun the?
Rajaraja I ne 985 se lagbhag teen dashak tak Chola rajya pe raaj kiya. Unhone aaj ke Karnataka aur Andhra Pradesh mein ilaake jeete, ‘samudra ke dweep’ (shaayad Maldives) aur uttari Sri Lanka liye, aur Thanjavur mein Brihadishvara mandir banwaaya.
Rajendra Chola I ne kya haasil kiya?
Rajaraja ke bete Rajendra I ne lagbhag 30 saal raaj kiya. Unhone Odisha aur Bengal mein ilaake jeete, Gangaikondachola upaadhi li, uttari Sri Lanka pe Chola raaj badhaaya, China mein doot bheje aur Southeast Asia ke Srivijaya samrajya ke khilaaf safal samudri abhiyaan kiya.
Cholas ko samudra ke maalik kyun kehte hain?
Unki navy ne Chola shakti ko samudra paar pahunchaaya: Rajaraja ne Maldives aur uttari Sri Lanka liye, aur Rajendra ka bedaa Bay of Bengal paar karke Srivijaya ko haraaya. Chola bandargaahon se China aur Southeast Asia ke saath vyast vyapar bhi hota tha.
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