Ghaznavi aur Ghuri hamle

Khyber Pass ki raksha

9th aur 10th sadi mein Hindu Shahis aaj ke Afghanistan aur uttari Pakistan se Punjab tak raaj karte the. Unke paas Khyber Pass tha, Hindu Kush ke beech ka ek mukhya raasta, jise lagbhag 2,500 saal tak vyapaariyon aur Buddhist bhikshuon ne use kiya, aur kai hamlaavaron ne bhi. Doosre Indian rajaon ki madad se Shahis ne kai hamle naakaam kiye. Phir Ghazni ke Turkic Ghaznavids ne raasta tod diya: 11th sadi ki shuruaat mein unke raja Mahmud ne raja Jayapala ko haraaya aur 1008 mein uttari Punjab mein lambi ladaai ke baad unke bete Anandapala ko. Indus ke maidaanon ka raasta khul gaya.

Mahmud ke abhiyaan

Sultan ki upaadhi lene waale Mahmud ne India pe 17 abhiyaan kiye, aur har baar bhaari loot lekar ghar lauta. Ghode pe sawaar teerandaazon waali uski tez sena ko rokna mushkil tha, haalaanki Chandellas jaise rajaon ne kada muqaabla kiya. 1018 mein wo Mathura pahuncha, ek ameer shehar jiske bade mandir ki tareef khud uska darbaari itihaaskaar al-Utbi poori tarah nahi kar paaya; usne use nasht karke loota, phir Kannauj ko barbaad kiya. Ek baad ke abhiyaan mein wo Gujarat ke vyast bandargaah Somnath pahuncha, jahan kai din ke kade sthaaniya muqaable ke baad 1026 mein usne Somanatha mandir nasht kiya aur uska khazaana le gaya. Uske hamlon mein hazaaron aam log maare gaye, aur bachchon samet bahut se logon ko gulaam banaakar bechne ke liye le jaaya gaya. Mahmud 1030 mein mara. Lagbhag usi samay uske bhatije Salar Masud ne Ganga ke ilaake pe hamla kiya, par Bahraich mein sthaaniya raja Suheldev ne use haraaya aur wo maara gaya.

Mahmud ne hamle kyun kiye?

Kyunki Mahmud ne Punjab ke aage raaj ki koshish hi nahi ki, itihaaskaar uske maqsad pe lambe samay se behas karte rahe hain. Kai loot pe zor dete hain: bade mandiron mein sadiyon ke chadhaave ki daulat jama thi. Par uske samay ke lekhak, jaise al-Utbi, use apne Islam ke roop ko phailaane ka ichchhuk bhi dikhaate hain, aur usne Islam ke virodhi firqon pe bhi hamle kiye. Dilchasp baat ye hai ki Lahore se jaari uske ek sikke pe ek taraf Sanskrit hai aur use nripati, yaani raja, kaha gaya hai. Book kehti hai ki aise andhere dauron ko samajhne ke liye imaandaari se dekhna chahiye, par ye yaad rakhte hue ki aaj ka koi bhi insaan unke liye zimmedaar nahi hai.

Mahmud ke saath aaye Persian vidwaan al-Biruni ne haare hue Hindu Shahis ko neik shaasak bataya aur likha ki in hamlon ne Indian vigyan ko Kashmir aur Varanasi jaisi jagahon pe bhaga diya.

Muhammad Ghuri

Mahmud ke baad Ghaznavid samrajya bikhar gaya. Ghur ke sardaar, jo pehle uske adheen the, Ghazni pe kabza kar baithe, aur unke neta Muhammad Ghuri ne Punjab aur Sindh ke hisse le liye. India ne kada muqaabla kiya: 1178 mein Chaulukya raja Mularaja II ne, ya ek doosre vivaran ke anusaar unki maa Rani Naikidevi ne, use Mount Abu ke paas haraaya, aur 1191 mein Chahamana raja Prithviraja III ne Tarain mein. Ek saal baad Ghuri badi sena lekar lauta, Tarain ki doosri ladaai jeeta aur Prithviraja ko maar diya gaya. Phir usne Delhi le liya. Mahmud ke ulat wo tikau kabza chahta tha, isliye usne general chhode, jinme Qutb-ud-din Aibak tha, jo aage chalkar Delhi Sultanate ka sansthaapak bana.

Nalanda aur poorab

12th sadi ke aakhir ke aaspaas Aibak ka senapati Bakhtiyar Khilji Bihar aur Bengal mein ghusa. Usne Nalanda aur Vikramashila ke bade math aur vishwavidyalaya nasht kiye aur kai bhikshuon ko maara; kaha jaata hai ki Nalanda ka vishaal pustakaalay mahinon tak jalta raha. 1203–04 mein usne Nadiya mein Sena raja ko achaanak gher liya, jisse Bengal ke bade hisse pe Sena raaj khatm hua. Par 1205 mein Tibet ki taraf jaate hue Kamarupa ki senaaon ne uski sena ko buri tarah haraaya, aur wo bas kuch aadmiyon ke saath bach nikla. Ghuri aur Bakhtiyar dono 1206 mein mare.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

In hamlon ne uttar India mein shakti ka santulan badla aur Delhi Sultanate ki raah banaayi, phir bhi India ka bada hissa Indian rajyon ke paas raha. Inki tulna Chola samrajya aur 11th aur 12th sadi ke kshetriya rajyon se karo. Textbook ke sawaalon ke jawab Part 2 Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Part 2 Chapter 4 ke notes dekho.