Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 6 NCERT Solutions Hinglish mein: The State, the Government, and You

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 (2026-27) ke Part 2 Chapter 6, The State, the Government, and You, ke har sawaal ka jawab: Big Questions, text ke sawaal, har Let’s Remember, Let’s Explore aur Think About It box, aur paanchon questions and activities. Page numbers book se milte hain (pages 143–168). Chhote notes: Part 2 Chapter 6 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 143)

1. State aur sarkaar mein kya farq hai? State ek political sangathan hai jiske paas ek tay territory aur uske logon pe adhikaar hota hai. Iske chaar hisse hain: sthaayi aabaadi, territory, sarkaar aur sovereignty. Sarkaar in mein se sirf ek hissa hai: wo neta, mantri aur adhikaari jo kaanoon banate, laagu karte aur jhagde suljhaate hain. State sthaayi hai, jabki sarkaarein elections ke baad badalti hain, jaise school wahi rehta hai par principal aur teachers aate jaate hain.

2. Democracy aur republic mein kya farq hai? India democratic republic kyun hai? Democracy logon ka raaj hai: naagrik nishpaksh elections se sarkaar chunte hain. Republic wo state hai jiska head chuna jaata hai, seedhe ya apratyaksh roop se, aur virasat mein pad nahi paata; samvidhan shaasakon ki taakat bhi seemit karta hai. India democracy hai kyunki uske log apne pratinidhi chunte hain jo sarkaar banate hain, aur republic hai kyunki uske head of state, President, chune hue pratinidhiyon dwara chune jaate hain. Iska samvidhan har naagrik ke fundamental rights ko bahumat ke dabdabe se bhi bachata hai.

3. Naagrik roz ki zindagi mein sarkaar se kaise judte hain? Sarkaar ko logon ke liye kaise kaam karwa sakte hain? Hum roz executive ke zariye sarkaar se milte hain: sarkaari school aur teachers, anganwadi aur health workers, hospital, buses, ration ki dukaanein, police, aur nagar palika ya panchayat jo paani deti aur kooda uthaati hai. Sarkaar se kaam karwane ke liye naagrik grievance offices ya portal pe shikayat kar sakte hain, RTI Act se jaankari maang sakte hain, media mein mudde utha sakte hain, civil society sangathanon ke zariye kaam kar sakte hain, apne pratinidhiyon ko chitthi likh sakte hain, aur umar hone pe un netaon ko vote de sakte hain jo zaroori muddon pe kaam karein.

Let’s Remember (page 144)

Sarkaar ke alag roopon ke kuch farq batao. Democracy mein log apne neta chunte hain aur agle election mein badal sakte hain. Monarchy mein raja ya rani raaj karte hain, aur taakat ek hi parivaar mein aage badhti hai. Theocracy mein dharmik neta raaj karte hain, ya kaanoon ek dharm pe tike hote hain. Dictatorship mein ek insaan ke paas poori taakat hoti hai, aur log use khulkar na chun sakte hain na hata sakte hain. Oligarchy mein ek chhota samooh, jaise kuch ameer ya taakatwar parivaar, taakat rakhta hai. Sirf democracy mein aam log tay karte hain ki un pe kaun raaj karega.

State kya hai? (pages 144–146)

Kisi jagah ke state banne ke liye sthaayi aabaadi kyun zaroori hai? Kya wo bas ghoomne ki jagah nahi ho sakti? Logon ke bina koi state nahi hota. Aate jaate log, jaise tourists, saath nahi rehte aur kuch saajha nahi karte. Jo log kisi jagah rehte hain aur usse judaav mehsoos karte hain, wo sthaayi aabaadi banate hain, jiski us territory se judi saajhi sanskriti aur samaaj hota hai.

Bhaugolik roop se tay territory kya hai? Saaf seemaaon waala ek ilaaka. Ye seemaayein zaroori nahi ki nadi ya pahaad jaisi prakritik cheezein hon; ye padosi states ke saath tay ki gayi rekhaayein hain.

Sovereignty kya hai, aur ye state ke liye zaroori kyun hai? Sovereignty yaani state ka apne maamlon pe poora control: wo apni zaroorat ke hisaab se kaanoon banata aur laagu karta hai, aur koi doosra state ya bahari sanstha uske andar ke maamlon mein dakhal nahi de sakti. Iske bina logon ke liye koi aur taakat faisle karegi, to wo jagah sach mein state nahi rahegi.

State aur sarkaar ek doosre ki jagah kyun bole jaate hain? Kyunki sarkaar state ki taraf se kaam karti hai aur uska roz ka kaam chalaati hai, isliye wahi state ka dikhne waala chehra hai. Hamara vaasta sarkaar se padta hai, poore state se nahi, isliye log ek hi baat ke liye kabhi state ne kiya aur kabhi sarkaar ne tay kiya bol dete hain.

Log, police aur sarkaar (page 147)

Kya police sarkaar ka hissa hai? Ye kya karti hai? Kya naagrikon ka is pe koi control hai? Haan: India mein police har state sarkaar ka hissa hai. Ye law and order sambhaalti hai, naagrikon ki raksha karti hai, aparaadhon ki jaanch karti hai aur case courts mein rakhti hai, aur road safety, nashe aur mahilaaon ki suraksha pe jaagrukta abhiyaan bhi chalaati hai. Ye kaanoon ke hisaab se taakat use kar sakti hai, par ise samvidhan ke diye adhikaaron ki izzat karni hoti hai. Naagrikon ka control apratyaksh hai, par hai. Wo state sarkaar chunte hain jo police chalaati hai. Wo bade officers se shikayat kar sakte hain, adhikaar toote to court ja sakte hain, aur grievance portal, RTI aur media ka use kar sakte hain.

Let’s Explore: sarkaari vibhaag (page 148)

Jin sarkaari vibhaagon ko tum jaante ho unki list banao, aur wo kya karte hain. Jaise:

• Public Works Department: sadakein, pul aur sarkaari imaaratein banaata aur sudhaarta hai.
• Education Department: sarkaari school chalaata hai aur teachers rakhta hai.
• Health Department: hospital aur health centre chalaata hai aur vaccination abhiyaan karta hai.
• Bijli vibhaag: bijli deta hai aur bill leta hai.
• Jal board: peene ka paani deta hai.
• Nagar nigam ya nagar palika: kooda uthaati aur sadakein saaf rakhti hai.
• Transport Department: buses chalaata hai aur driving licence deta hai.
• Fire services: aag bujhaati hain aur logon ko bachaati hain.
• Police Department: law and order rakhta hai.
• Khaadya aur aapoorti vibhaag: ration ki dukaanein chalaata hai.
• Revenue Department: zameen ke record rakhta hai.

Ye sab executive ka hissa hain: ye legislature ke banaaye kaanoon aur neetiyan laagu karte hain.

Democracy aur republic (pages 148–151)

Samvidhan banaane waalon ne democratic aur republic dono shabd saath kyun rakhe? Kyunki dono shabd alag baatein kehte hain. Democratic ka matlab hai log elections se apni sarkaar chunte hain. Republic ye jodta hai ki India ka head of state chuna jaata hai, UK ki tarah virasat waala raja ya rani nahi hota, aur samvidhan shaasakon ki taakat seemit karke sabke adhikaar bachata hai. Dono shabd saath rakhne se saaf hota hai ki India dono hai.

RWA ne bahumat ke vote se raat 9 baje ke baad delivery band kar di. Kya ye niyam theek tha? Nahi. Ye bahumat se paas hua, par isne un alpsankhyakon ki baat taal di jinhone chetaaya tha ki beemar aur buzurg pareshaan honge, aur ek buzurg mahila ko nuksaan hua jab unki dawa nahi pahunch saki. Theek niyam sabki zarooraton mein santulan rakhta hai. Badle hue niyam ne zyaadatar delivery pe rok rakhi par khaana aur dawaayein aane di, isliye alpsankhyakon ki bhi raksha hui.

Sarkaar aur aap (pages 156–160)

Aaj bhi rishvat aur bhrashtachaar, aur kharaab school aur sadkon jaisi samasyaayein kyun sunne ko milti hain? India jaise bade desh ki sarkaar bhi bahut badi hai. Kuch adhikaari apni taakat ka galat use karte hain. Bahut log apne adhikaar ya shikayat ka tareeka nahi jaante. Record hamesha khule nahi hote, aur sevaayein dheemi ho sakti hain, jisse rishvat ki gunjaaish banti hai. Isiliye chapter transparency aur accountability pe zor deta hai: khuli jaankari, vigilance commissions aur jaagruk naagrik.

Sarkaar se uska kaam kaise karwaayein? Apni shikayat ka hal kaise pakka karein? Chapter chhe tareeke batata hai. (1) Kisi vibhaag ke grievance office mein shikayat do, bhrashtachaar ki khabar vigilance commission ko do, ya Public Grievances Portal (pgportal.gov.in) pe complaint darj karo, jiska jawab vibhaag ko tay samay mein dena hota hai. (2) Right to Information Act se jaankari maango. Bengaluru ke paas Bagepalli mein ek kharaab bani sadak pe kharch hue paise ki RTI request ne logon ko sadak theek se poori karwaane mein madad di. (3) Media ka use karo, jisme @RailwaySeva jaise social media accounts bhi hain. (4) Civil society sangathanon ke zariye kaam karo; NGOs ne hi Kerala ki Silent Valley bachaane waala andolan chalaaya. (5) Apne local pratinidhiyon, mantriyon ya members of Parliament ko chitthi likho. (6) Umar hone pe local, state aur national elections mein vote do.

Let’s Explore (page 160): akhbaaron ke editorials ikattha karo, unke vishay dhoondho aur gino ki kitne sarkaari neetiyon pe hain. Do teen akhbaaron se ek hafte ke editorials ikattha karo aur group mein har ek ka vishay ek table mein likho. Phir un pe nishaan lagao jo kisi sarkaari neeti, kaanoon, yojana ya faisle ki baat karte hain. Zyaadatar hafton mein editorials ka bada hissa, aksar aadha ya usse zyaada, sarkaar ke baare mein hota hai. Isse dikhta hai ki media naagrikon ko jaankari deta hai aur sarkaar ko jawabdeh rakhta hai. Jaise 12 mein se 7 editorials kisi neeti pe hon, to likho 12 mein se 7.

Sarkaar ke star (pages 161–163)

Let’s Remember: sarkaar ke teen star kyun hain? Kya ek hi star sab nahi kar sakta? Nahi. India mein 1.4 billion se zyaada log, 28 states, 8 union territories, hazaaron shehar aur gaon aur kai bhaashaayein hain. Ek central sarkaar har jagah ki zaroorat na jaan sakti hai na poori kar sakti hai. Isliye kaam bata hua hai: central sarkaar raksha aur currency jaise rashtriya maamle dekhti hai, state sarkaarein police aur health jaise maamle, aur local sarkaarein paani aur streetlamps jaisi local zarooratein.

Think About It (page 162): toot gayi streetlamp ke liye kise contact karoge? Kya gaon waale gaon ki sadak ke liye Central sarkaar ke paas jaayenge? Streetlamp ke liye local sarkaar: shehar mein nagar palika ya ward office, aur gaon mein gram panchayat. Gaon ki sadak ke liye gaon waale apni gram panchayat (ya block office) ke paas jaayenge, Central sarkaar ke paas nahi, jo raksha jaise rashtriya maamle dekhti hai.

Let’s Explore (page 162): local faisle jahan tak ho sake local star pe kyun liye jaayein? Local log aur unke neta ilaake, uski zarooraton aur paramparaaon ko sabse achchhe se jaante hain. Jab samasya ko door ke daftaron tak nahi jaana padta to hal jaldi milta hai. Log apni roz ki zindagi ko chhoone waale faislon mein hissa le paate hain, aur paas rehne waale netaon se sawaal poochhna aasaan hota hai. Isse state aur central sarkaarein desh ki raksha jaise bade maamlon pe dhyaan de paati hain.

Let’s Explore: uplabdhiyan aur samasyaayein (page 165)

Paanch uplabdhiyan, aur sarkaar ke kis star ne inhe sambhav banaaya. Jaise:

• School mein zyaada bachche: union aur state sarkaarein, Right to Education Act aur Samagra Shiksha jaisi yojanaaon se, aur school local star pe chalte hain.
• PM Poshan ke tahat school mein dopahar ka khaana: union aur state sarkaarein.
• Behtar sadakein: state aur local sarkaarein, highways ke liye central fund ke saath.
• Gaon mein mobile phone aur internet: central sarkaar, jo sanchaar dekhti hai.
• COVID-19 jaise vaccination abhiyaan: union aur state health vibhaag, aur zameen pe local health workers.

Paanch samasyaayein jo log jhelte hain, aur unhe kahan suljhaana chahiye. Jaise:

• Sadkon pe kooda: nagar palika ya panchayat.
• Paani ki kami: local sarkaarein, state jal board ke saath.
• Bheed bhare sarkaari hospital: state health vibhaag.
• Gaddhon waali sadakein: local sadkon ke liye local sarkaar, state highways ke liye state sarkaar.
• Badhti keematein aur naukriyon ki kami: central aur state sarkaarein.

Jagah ke hisaab se jawab badlenge; zaroori ye hai ki har mudde ko us star se milao jo usse sabse paas hai.

Questions and activities (pages 166–167)

1. Har democracy republic hai. Ye kathan sahi hai ya galat? Samjhaao. Galat. Democracy ke liye bas itna chahiye ki log apni sarkaar chunein. Republic ke liye head of state ka chuna jaana bhi zaroori hai, virasat se nahi. UK, Canada aur Sweden democracy hain, par har ek mein head of state raja ya rani hai, isliye wo republic nahi. India aur USA democracy bhi hain aur republic bhi.

2. India mein decentralisation zaroori hone ke do kaaran batao. Pehla, local neta apne ilaake ki zarooraton aur paramparaaon ko door baithe adhikaariyon se behtar jaante hain, isliye paani, sadak ya school jaisi local samasyaayein jaldi aur achchhe se suljhti hain. Doosra, isse vyavastha zyaada loktantrik aur jawabdeh banti hai: log apni roz ki zindagi ke faislon mein hissa lete hain, aur paas rehne waale netaon se sawaal poochhna aasaan hota hai.

3. Student council ek mini-parliament jaisi hai. Kya saare faisle president le, ya taakat saare members mein bate? Taakat saare members mein batni chahiye. Members alag alag classes se chune jaate hain, isliye taakat baantne se har group ki baat suni jaati hai; alag vichaaron waale log bahas karein to faisle behtar hote hain; aur koi akela insaan taakat ka galat use ya galat faisle nahi kar paata. President na ho ya galti kare, to baaki members kaam aage badha sakte hain ya faisla sudhaar sakte hain.

Kya student council tumhare khaane ya bolne ki bhaasha ke niyam bana sake? Nahi. Ye har student ke parivaar, sanskriti aur adhikaaron se jude niji faisle hain. Council ko sirf un maamlon pe kaam karna chahiye jinke liye wo bani hai, jaise events, safaai ya khel, aur sabke adhikaaron ki izzat karni chahiye, jaise samvidhan sarkaar ki seema tay karta hai.

Agar council school ki sabse taakatwar sanstha ho aur koi uske faislon pe sawaal na kare, to kya galat ho sakta hai? Wo galat niyam bana sakti hai, apne doston ka paksh le sakti hai, chhote groups ki zarooratein bhool sakti hai ya paison ka galat use kar sakti hai, aur students ke paas shikayat ki koi jagah nahi hogi. Isliye roktok zaroori hai: niyam jo use maanne padein, teachers aur principal jo uske faisle dekh sakein, students jo sawaal kar sakein, aur elections jo members badal sakein.

4. Asli zindagi mein India ki democracy.

Kya Parliament desh ki sabse taakatwar sanstha honi chahiye? Kisi ek sanstha ke paas saari taakat nahi honi chahiye. Parliament logon ki pratinidhi hai aur kaanoon banati hai, par executive unhe laagu karti hai aur judiciary dekhti hai ki kaanoon aur kaam samvidhan ke hisaab se hon. Ye santulan taakat ke galat use ko rokta hai.

Kya Parliament koi bhi kaanoon bana sake, chahe wo tumhare adhikaar chheene? Nahi. Samvidhan Parliament ki seema tay karta hai, isliye wo kaanoon ke saamne barabari ya bolne aur dharm ki azaadi jaise fundamental rights chheenne waale kaanoon nahi bana sakti. Aise kaanoon courts radd kar sakti hain.

Agar kaanoon banane ki koi seema na ho to kya galat ho sakta hai? Kya isse anyaaypoorn kaanoon ban sakte hain? Haan. Bahumat alpsankhyakon ko nuksaan pahunchaane, aalochakon ko chup karaane ya khud ko satta mein banaaye rakhne waale kaanoon bana sakta hai, yaani wahi dominance of the majority jiske baare mein chapter chetaata hai. Tab adhikaar is baat pe tikenge ki pichhla election kisne jeeta.

India mein zyaada taakatwar kaun hai, Parliament ya Supreme Court? Koi kisi se upar nahi; dono samvidhan ke neeche kaam karte hain, jo sabse upar hai. Parliament kaanoon banati hai aur samvidhan mein sanshodhan bhi kar sakti hai. Supreme Court kaanoon samjhaata hai aur samvidhan todne waala koi bhi kaanoon radd kar sakta hai. (Extra: 1973 se Supreme Court ka kehna hai ki sanshodhan bhi samvidhan ke buniyaadi dhaanche ko nahi badal sakte.) Dono ek doosre pe roktok rakhte hain, aur checks and balances isi tarah kaam karte hain.

5. Apne maata pita ya abhibhaavakon se poochho ki pichhle saal unka sarkaar se kaise vaasta pada; list banao, star ke hisaab se baanto, aur dikkatein likho. Ek namoona list:

• Local sarkaar: property tax bharna, birth certificate banwaana, paani ka connection, kooda ya toot gayi streetlamp ki shikayat.
• State sarkaar: ration card, transport office se driving licence, bijli ka bill, zameen ke record, state sarkaari school mein admission, sarkaari hospital jaana.
• Central sarkaar: passport, income tax, Aadhaar update, train ticket booking, post office ka bachat khaata.

Aam dikkatein: lambi kataarein aur baar baar chakkar, bahut saare documents, mushkil websites, sirf kuch bhaashaaon mein jaankari, aur kabhi kabhi rishvat ki maang. Ye bhi likho ki kaunsi dikkat grievance portal, helpline ya RTI request se suljhi.