NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 7: Infrastructure: Engine of India’s Development (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 (2026-27) ke Part 2 Chapter 7, Infrastructure: Engine of India’s Development, ke har sawaal ke jawab: Big Questions, har Think About It aur Let’s Explore box, airport waala sawaal aur saaton Questions and activities. Page numbers kitaab ke hisaab se hain (pages 169–192). Activities ke jawab namoone hain, inhe apne ilaake ke hisaab se badlo. Chhote notes: Part 2 Chapter 7 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 169)

1. Physical infrastructure kya hai, aur India mein ye saalon mein kaise badla? Physical infrastructure asli dhaanchon ka wo network hai jo shehron aur gaon ko chalaata hai: transport (sadak, pul, railways, metro, airport, bandargah), utilities (bijli, paani ki pipeline), communication networks (internet, phone lines, towers) aur energy ke saadhan (windmill, solar park, pipelines). Ye bahut badla hai. Puraane vyapaar maargon aur harkaaron ki jagah national highways aur expressways aaye; 1853 mein bhaap ke engine se shuru hui railways ab lagbhag poori tarah bijli se chalti hain, Vande Bharat jaisi trains ke saath; metro 23 shehron mein hai; India mein 159 airport aur vyast bandargah hain; aur jo sandesh kabhi kabootar ya telegraph se jaate the, wo ab mobile network aur 5G se turant pahunchte hain.

2. Infrastructure badhne se zindagi ki quality pe kya asar pada? Safar tez aur surakshit hua, to log school, hospital, bazaar aur kaam tak aasaani se pahunchte hain. Satish jaise kisaan taaza fasal achhe daam pe bechte hain. Online class, digital bhugtaan, e-governance aur aapda ke alert door ke gaon tak pahunchte hain. Infrastructure seedhe aur ghuma-phiraakar naukriyan bhi deta hai. Saath hi zimmedaariyan bhi aati hain: kooda, gaddhe aur pradooshan sambhaalna, aur saarvajanik sampatti ki dekhbhaal.

3. Desh ke vikaas aur samriddhi mein infrastructure ki kya bhumika hai? Ye har aarthik gatividhi ki reedh ki haddi hai. Ye utpaadakon ko bazaar se jodta hai, to desh ke andar aur bahar vyapaar badhta hai; paryatak laata hai, naukriyan deta hai (sirf Indian Railways mein 2024 mein lagbhag 12.1 lakh log the, aur kai aur logon ko ghuma-phiraakar kaam milta hai), door ke ilaakon ko jodta hai, aapda mein madad jaldi pahunchaata hai aur sena ko har ilaake tak le jaata hai. Achha infrastructure kamaai badhaata hai aur zindagi aasaan karta hai.

Think About It (page 173)

Agar infrastructure ka koi hissa na ho to Satish ki mehnat ka kya hoga? Nahar aur bijli ke pump ke bina khet ko paani nahi milega aur fasal kharaab ho sakti hai. Achhi sadak ke bina truck tamatar samay pe shehar nahi le jaa paayenge. Cold storage ke bina tamatar sad jaayenge. Internet ke bina wo ghatiya beej ya khaad khareed sakta hai aur kam daam pe bech sakta hai. Har gayab tukda uski kamaai ghataata hai.

Gaon ke paas naya highway bane to kya hota hai? Gaon waale shehar, bazaar, hospital aur college jaldi pahunchte hain; kisaanon ko behtar daam milte hain; dukaanein, dhaabe, petrol pump aur repair ki dukaanein khulti hain aur naukriyan banti hain; aur zameen ki keemat badhti hai. Par kuch samasyaayein bhi aa sakti hain: khet aur ped ka nuksaan, shor, dhool aur durghatnaayein, isliye surakshit crossing aur underpass chahiye.

Agar internet ya phone na ho to? Online kaam karne waale, dukaan se daftar tak, pareshaan honge; online bhugtaan aur banking ruk jaayegi; vidyaarthi online class ya digital library istemaal nahi kar paayenge; door rehne waale parivaar jude nahi reh paayenge; aur aapda mein chetaavni aur madad dheemi ho jaayegi.

Let’s Explore (page 180)

Train ya metro ke safar mein stationon ke aas-paas kaunsi aarthik gatividhiyan dikhin? Namoona jawab: khaane ke stall aur chai waale, paani, snacks, kitaabein aur akhbaar bechne waali dukaanein, saamaan uthaane waale coolie, bahar khade auto-rickshaw aur taxi, parking waale, safaai aur suraksha karmi, ATM aur cloakroom. Har ek kaam station ki wajah se hai.

Tumhaare ghar ke sabse paas kaunsa airport hai? (page 181)

Jawab tumhaari jagah pe nirbhar hai; kitaab ka map aur list dekho. Jaise pashchimi Uttar Pradesh ka vidyaarthi Delhi ka Indira Gandhi International Airport ya Jewar ka Noida International Airport bata sakta hai, aur Bengaluru ke paas rehne waala Kempegowda International Airport.

Think About It (page 185)

Voice note ke safar ke kaunse hisse aasaani se dikhte hain aur kaunse adrishya hain? Aasaani se dikhte hain: dono phone, gaon ke paas ka mobile tower aur use chalaane waali bijli ki line. Lagbhag adrishya: khet aur sadak ke neeche bichhi fibre cables, antariksh ke satellites, door ke shehron ke servers aur hawa mein jaate radio signals.

Think About It (page 187)

1990s mein calls ₹17 per minute tak ki thin, incoming pe bhi charge tha. Rates itne saste kaise hue? Kai telecom companiyan aayin aur daam pe muqaabla kiya; users bahut badhe, to tower aur cable ka kharcha bahut logon mein bant gaya; phone aur network ka saamaan sasta hua; incoming calls ka charge khatm hua; aur saste mobile data se log internet pe call aur message karne lage. Aaj India mein 116 crore wireless phone subscribers aur lagbhag 90 crore internet connections (2025) hain.

Ghar waalon se poochho ki mobile se pehle wo door sandesh kaise bhejte the. Namoona jawab: daak se chitthi, postcard aur inland letter; zaroori khabar ke liye telegram; operator ke zariye book ki gayi trunk call; STD aur PCO booth se call; aur baad mein ghar ka landline phone. Kai log yaad karte hain ki chitthi ka din bhar intezaar hota tha, aur pehle mobile phone ki khushi jisse kahin se bhi baat ho sakti thi.

Think About It (page 188)

Social infrastructure samudaay ki bhalaai aur vikaas mein kaise madad karta hai? School, college aur training centre log padhaate aur hunar sikhaate hain; hospital aur health centre swasth rakhte hain; police aur fire station surakshit rakhte hain; court nyaay dete hain; park, library aur community centre aaraam, padhaai aur milne ki jagah dete hain. Swasth, padha-likha aur surakshit samudaay behtar kaam karta hai, zyaada kamaata hai aur shaanti se rehta hai.

Let’s Explore (page 190)

Community Responsibility Pact. Namoona pact: Hum kooda sirf koode daan mein daalenge aur geela-sookha alag karenge. Deewaron, buson ya smaarakon pe na likhenge, na poster chipkaayenge. Gaddhe, tooti streetlight aur risti pipeline ki shikaayat nagar palika ya panchayat se karenge. Saarvajanik jagahon pe paani aur bijli bachaayenge. Park, bench aur shauchaalay ko apna samajhkar sambhaalenge. Buzurgon aur divyang logon ki saarvajanik jagahon pe madad karenge.

School ko zyaada eco-friendly banaana. Chhat pe solar panel, baarish ke paani ka sangrah, LED light aur pankhe, khaane aur bageeche ke kachre ke liye compost pit, geele aur sookhe kachre ke alag dabbe, zyaada ped aur kitchen garden, na tapakne waale nal, aur cycle ke liye surakshit jagah.

Paanch samasyaayein aur unke hal (namoona). Gaddhe: nagar palika ki helpline ya app pe shikaayat. Bhare hue koode daan: zyaada dabbe, roz uthaana aur ghar pe chhantaai. Tooti streetlight: shikaayat aur follow-up. School ke paas footpath nahi: nagar palika se footpath aur zebra crossing ki maang. Baarish mein paani bharna: monsoon se pehle naaliyon ki safaai.

Questions and activities (pages 191–192)

1. Pichhle das saal mein tumhaare ilaake mein bana infrastructure, uska fayda, aur tum kya banaoge. Namoona jawab: naya pul ya highway, paas ke shehar mein metro line, naya bana railway station, tez internet waale naye mobile tower, ya solar streetlights. Inse safar ka samay ghata, parivaar hospital aur bazaar aasaani se pahunchte hain, aur bachche online padh paate hain. Agar main kuch bana sakta, to sabke liye khula ek library jisme shaant padhne ka kamra ho, ya achhi roshni waala surakshit khel ka maidaan banaata.

2. Bandargah, highway aur airport naukriyan kaise banaate hain? Ghuma-phiraakar kya fayde hain? Inhe banaane aur chalaane ke liye kaamgaar chahiye: engineer, nirmaan mazdoor, bandargah ke kaamgaar, driver, pilot aur cabin crew, customs aur suraksha karmi. Inke aas-paas hotel, dhaabe, petrol pump, godaam, repair ki dukaanein, taxi aur paryatan badhta hai. Ghuma-phiraakar saamaan sasta aur jaldi pahunchta hai, kisaan aur factory door ke bazaar tak pahunchte hain, aur achhe transport ke paas naye vyapaar aur factory khulti hain.

3. Sadak ya airport banaate waqt paryaavaran ke baare mein sochna kyun zaroori hai? Kya vikaas aur suraksha saath chal sakte hain? Nirmaan se jangal kat sakte hain, jaanwaron ke raaste band ho sakte hain, nadiyon aur dal-dal ko nuksaan ho sakta hai aur pradooshan badh sakta hai. Haan, dono saath chal sakte hain: aise raaste chuno jo jangal aur dal-dal se bachein, jaanwaron ke liye underpass aur railway track pe alarm lagao, ped lagao, paryaavaran ke anukool saamaan istemaal karo, airport aur station solar se chalao (jaise Cochin airport ka solar project), aur pradooshan ghataane ke liye bijli ki trains aur metro chuno.

4. Baadh ya bhookamp mein behtar infrastructure kaise madad karta hai? Mazboot sadak aur pul bachaav dal aur saamaan ko logon tak pahunchaate hain; jaise Dhola Sadiya Bridge baadh mein bhi hospital tak raasta khula rakhta hai. Hawai jahaz pahaad, dweep aur kate hue ilaakon tak jaldi pahunchte hain. Jahaz aur trains bahut saari raahat saamagri le jaate hain. Phone, SMS alert aur apps logon ko chetaate hain aur dalon ko milkar kaam karne dete hain.

5. Saarvajanik jagahon ka galat istemaal: nateeje aur hal. Deewaron pe likhna, streetlight todna aur bench kharaab karna jagahon ko gandi aur asurakshit banaata hai, marammat pe janta ka paisa barbaad karta hai aur sabki, khaaskar bachchon aur buzurgon ki, zindagi mushkil karta hai. Hal: school-college mein jaagrukta abhiyaan, kaafi koode daan, kala aur notice ke liye tay jagah, nuksaan ki turant shikaayat, kuch jagahon pe camera, jurmaana jaisa Arthashastra ne kabhi sujhaaya tha, aur mohalle ke safaai din.

6. Scenario posters.

• Nayi factory: kachcha maal laane aur bana saamaan bhejne ke liye sadak aur ho sake to rail ya bandargah se judaav; bharosemand bijli; paani aur naali; kachre ka upchaar; internet aur phone lines; kaamgaaron ke liye transport aur ghar; aur paas mein hospital aur fire station.
• Bhavishya ka shehar: khud saaf hone waali sadakein, zameen ke neeche highways aur bullet trains, saath mein smart traffic lights, har imaarat pe solar chhat, baarish ka paani jama karna, paani ka risaav pakadne waale sensor, saaf bijli ki buses aur wheelchair ke liye aasaan pahunch.
• Tumhaare ilaake ke hisaab se sudhaar: samudri kinaare pe cyclone shelter, pehle chetaavni ka system aur oonchi sadakein; pahaadon mein surang, har mausam ki sadakein, landslide rokne ki deewarein aur helipad; maidaan mein baadh ke tatbandh, achhi naaliyan aur oonche highways; bhookamp waale ilaake mein hilne se na girne waali imaaratein.
• Naya railway ya metro station: ramp, lift aur saaf shauchaalay, peene ka paani, chhaaya waali baithne ki jagah, kai bhaashaaon mein saaf sign aur announcement, chhota khel aur padhne ka kona, deewaron pe sthaaniya kala, solar chhat aur surakshit, roshan raaste.

7. Zindagi ya aane-jaane ko aasaan banaane waale naye aavishkaar. Udaaharan: bijli ki gaadiyan aur charging station, FASTag jaisa electronic toll, UPI jaisa digital bhugtaan, solar se chalne waale station aur airport, rapid rail aur metro, pahaadi shehron mein ropeway, smart traffic signal aur bus-train ka samay batane waale apps.