Calendar kaise bane? Chandra, saur aur chandra-saur calendar

Teen praakritik ghadiyaan

Calendar un chakron par bane hain jo anumaan laayak dhang se dohraate hain. Suraj poorab mein ugta aur paschim mein doobta lagta hai kyonki Dharti apni dhuri par ghoomti hai; Suraj ki ek din ki sabse oonchi jagah se agle din ki sabse oonchi jagah tak ka ausat samay 24 ghante hai, yaani mean solar day. Chaand apni saari kalaaon se lagbhag 29.5 din mein guzarta hai, jisse maheena milta hai. Dharti ko Suraj ka chakkar lagaane mein lagbhag 365¼ din lagte hain, yaani rituon ka ek chakra, jisse saal milta hai.

Din aap khud naap sakte hain (Activity 11.3). Dhoop wali jagah par 1 m ka danda seedha gaadiye aur 11:00 se lagbhag 13:10 tak har minute uski parchhaai ki nok par nishaan lagaaiye. Suraj tab sabse ooncha hota hai jab parchhaai sabse chhoti hoti hai. Agle kuch din dohraaiye: book ke readings mein sabse chhoti parchhaai 12:20, 12:20 aur 12:19 par aayi, isliye din 24 ghante aur 23 ghante 59 minute ke the, ausatan lagbhag 24 ghante.

Chandra calendar

Bahut pehle logon ne dekha ki ek ritu-chakra mein chaand ki kalaaon ke lagbhag 12 chakra samaate hain. Isse chandra calendar bane: din, lagbhag 29.5 din ke maheene aur 12 maheenon ka chandra varsh. Chaand ne samay ka hisaab rakhna aasaan aur pakka bana diya. Par chandra varsh sirf 354 din ka hai, rituon se lagbhag 11 din kam, isliye rituein saal-dar-saal unhi maheenon mein nahi rehti.

Saur calendar aur leap year

Kisaanon ko rituon ke aane ka pata chahiye tha, jisse saur calendar bane. Aaj bahut prachalit Gregorian calendar mein 30 ya 31 din ke maheene aur 28 din ka February milkar 365 din banaate hain. Dharti ko lagbhag chauthaai din aur chahiye, aur ye ghante chaar saal mein lagbhag ek din ban jaate hain, isliye ek leap day joda jaata hai: 4 se bantne wale saal mein February 29 din ka hota hai. Har chaar saal mein ek din jodna thoda zyada hai, isliye 1700, 1800 aur 1900 jaise century saal ise chhodte hain, aur 1600 aur 2000 jaise 400 se bantne wale saal ise rakhte hain.

Gregorian calendar tropical year par chalta hai, ek vasant vishuv se agle tak. Sidereal year, jo tab tak chalta hai jab tak wahi taare phir se suryaast par ugein, lagbhag 20 minute lamba hai; khagol-vaigyanik isse Dharti ki kaksha mein uski jagah ka hisaab rakhte hain.

Chandra-saur calendar

Chandra-saur calendar din aur maheene chaand se ginte hain par rituon ke saath bhi chalte hain. 12 chandra maas lagbhag 11 din kam padte hain, isliye har 2 se 3 saal mein antar lagbhag ek poore maheene ka ho jaata hai, aur ek atirikt maheena, Adhika Maasa, joda jaata hai. Bharat ke kai calendar aise hi chalte hain, Chaitra, Vaisakha, Shravana, Kartika aur Phalguna jaise maheenon ke saath. Amant calendar mein maheena Amavasya par khatm hota hai; Purnimant calendar mein Purnima par.

Aasmaan ko dekhna: Uttarayan aur Dakshinayan

Bina telescope ke, aur ye jaane bina ki Dharti Suraj ka chakkar lagaati hai, praacheen Bharat ke logon ne dhairya se dekhkar saal ki lambaai jaan li. Suraj garmi mein poorab se thoda uttar mein aur sardi mein thoda dakshin mein ugta hai, aur ye seemaayein lagbhag 21 June aur 21 December ke ayanaant (solstice) par hoti hain. December se June tak uttar ki or khiskna Uttarayan hai aur June se December tak dakshin ki or khiskna Dakshinayan, jaisa Taittiriya Samhita mein likha hai. Surya Siddhanta jaise granthon ne ye bhi dekha ki Suraj ke peechhe kaun se taare, jaise Makar (Capricorn), the.

Indian National Calendar

1952 mein Bharat sarkaar ne ek Calendar Reform Committee banaayi, jiske adhyaksh khagol-vaigyanik Meghnad Saha the, taaki desh mein chal rahe kai calendaron ka adhyayan karke poore desh ke liye ek sahi calendar sujhaaya ja sake. Indian National Calendar, jo Gregorian calendar ke saath sarkaari kaam mein chalta hai, 365 din ka saur calendar hai. Iska saal 22 March ko shuru hota hai; doosre se chhathe maheene 31-31 din ke hain aur baaki saat 30-30 din ke. Leap year mein Chaitra mein ek din judta hai aur saal 21 March ko shuru hota hai.

Tyohaar aur calendar

Kai Bharatiya tyohaar chaand ke hisaab se chalte hain: Diwali Kartika ki Amavasya par aati hai, Holi aur Buddha Purnima Phalguna aur Vaisakha ki Purnima par, aur Dussehra Ashwina ke dasven din, jabki Eid-ul-Fitr Ramazan ke ant mein naya chaand dikhne ke baad manaayi jaati hai. Chandra-saur tyohaar saal-dar-saal ek maheene se kam khiskte hain, par shuddh chandra tyohaar rituon mein ghoomte rehte hain. Ek saur sidereal calendar Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Bihu, Vaisakhi, Poila Baisakh aur Puthandu ki taareekh tay karta hai, isliye ye har saal lagbhag ek hi taareekh par aate hain; Makar Sankranti lagbhag har 71 saal mein ek din aage khiskti hai. Taareekhein ek jaisi rakhne ke liye Positional Astronomy Centre har saal Rashtriya Panchang chhaapta hai.

Aur padhein: chaand ki kalaayein, kritrim upgrah, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.