Kritrim upgrah: kaksha mein hamare madadgaar

Praakritik aur kritrim upgrah

Upgrah wo cheez hai jo kisi grah ka chakkar lagaati hai. Chaand Dharti ka praakritik upgrah hai, jise hamara chakkar lagaane mein lagbhag ek maheena lagta hai. Chaand ke alaava alag-alag deshon ke banaaye aur bheje gaye kai kritrim upgrah bhi Dharti ka chakkar lagaate hain. Inmein se zyaadatar Dharti ki satah se lagbhag 800 km upar hain, chaand se kahin zyada paas, aur ek chakkar mein sirf lagbhag 100 minute lete hain.

Zameen se kritrim upgrah aasmaan mein dheere-dheere sarakta roshni ka chhota sa bindu dikhta hai. Agar aapne kabhi shaam ko ‘chalta taara’ dekha hai, to wo shaayad upgrah tha. Iski gati chaand ki tarah aavarti hai: ye usi kaksha mein baar-baar ghoomta hai, isliye iska anumaan lagaaya ja sakta hai.

Upgrah hamare liye kya karte hain

Upgrah kai tarah madad karte hain:

• Sanchaar: ye lambi doori tak TV, phone aur internet ke signal pahunchaate hain.
• Raasta dhoondhna: ye Dharti par jagah pata karne mein madad karte hain, jiska upyog map apps karti hain.
• Mausam par nazar: ye upar se baadal aur toofaan dekhte hain, jisse mausam ka anumaan lagaane mein madad milti hai.
• Aapda prabandhan: inki tasveerein baadh, chakravaat aur nuksaan dikhaati hain, jisse raahat sahi jagah pahunchti hai.
• Vaigyanik research: hawa ke upar se inke yantra Dharti, Suraj, taaron aur antariksh ki doosri cheezon ka adhyayan kar sakte hain.

Antariksh mein Bharat

Bharat ki antariksh sanstha ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) ne in kaamon ke liye kai upgrah bheje hain. Cartosat upgrah Dharti ki baareek tasveerein lete hain; ye tasveerein nakshon ko zyada sahi banaati hain aur shehron ki yojna aur aapda se nipatne mein madad karti hain. ISRO ka online naksha Bhuvan inse zameen ki banaavat, mitti, zameen ka upyog aur hariyaali dikhaata hai. AstroSat ek antariksh vedhshaala hai jo taaron aur antariksh ki doosri cheezon ka adhyayan karti hai. Dharti ki kaksha se aage, Chandrayaan 1, 2 aur 3 chaand par gaye, Mangalyaan Mangal par gaya, aur Aditya L1 Suraj ko dekhta hai. Vidyaarthiyon ne bhi chhote upgrah banaaye jinhe ISRO ne bheja, jaise AzaadiSat, InspireSat-1 aur Jugnu.

Khud upgrah dekhna

Activity 11.4 raat ke aasmaan ka kaam hai. Suryoday se theek pehle ya suryaast ke kuch der baad, kisi bade ke saath aisi jagah jaaiye jahaan se aasmaan saaf dikhe, pedon aur oonchi imaaraton se door. Roshni ka ek bindu dhoondhiye, sthir ya timtimaata, jo tezi se aasmaan paar kar raha ho; ise aankhon se ya binocular se dekh sakte hain. Mobile apps aur websites batati hain ki kaun se upgrah kab aapki jagah ke upar se guzrenge. Samay ka mahatva hai: in ghanton mein zameen par andhera hota hai, par bahut upar upgrah abhi bhi dhoop mein hota hai, isliye wo chaand ki tarah Suraj ki roshni lautaakar chamakta hai.

Space debris

Har saal pehle se zyada upgrah bheje jaate hain. Jab koi upgrah kaam karna band karta hai, to wo istemaal ho chuke rocket hisson ke saath kaksha mein hi reh jaata hai, aur ye sab space junk ya space debris ban jaata hai. Ye kachra Dharti ke aas-paas ki jagah bhar deta hai aur chaalu upgrahon se takra sakta hai. Chhote tukde girte samay hawa mein jal jaate hain, par bade tukde zameen par gir sakte hain, isliye desh ab milkar ise saaf karne mein lage hain.

Bharat ke antariksh karyakram ke peechhe ke vaigyanik

Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1919–1971), jinhone antariksh vigyaan aur parmaanu bhautiki mein research ki, Bharat ke antariksh karyakram ke janak ke roop mein yaad kiye jaate hain. Unhone Bharat ke pehle kritrim upgrah bhejne ke prayaas ki neev rakhi. Thiruvananthapuram mein ISRO ka rocket aur launch vehicle kendra, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, unke naam par hai.

Aur padhein: chaand ki kalaayein, calendar kaise bane?, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.