NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 3: A Journey Through Indian Architecture (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 8 Part 2, ke Chapter 3, A Journey Through Indian Architecture, ke Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur Let’s Remember box, aur saare das Questions and activities ke jawaab. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 85–124). Chhote notes: Part 2 Chapter 3 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 85)

1. Bharatiya sabhyata mein vaastukala ki kya bhoomika rahi? Harappa ke shehron se stupa, mandir, masjid, kile aur gharon tak, imaaraton ne rozmarra ki zarooratein poori ki, jaise aashray, paani, suraksha aur pooja, aur saath hi aastha, shakti, shiksha aur kala ko vyakt kiya. Mandir aur masjid shiksha, sanskriti aur samudaay ke kendra bhi the.

2. Mukhya vichaar aur vikaas. Saavdhaan nagar yojna aur jal prabandhan (Harappa); stupa aur chattaan-kati gufaayein; shilpashastra se bana, Purusha ki tarah socha gaya shastriya mandir, kshetriya shailiyon ke saath; masjidon aur maqbaron mein Islami aur Bharatiya paramparaon ka mel; kile aur mahal; jalvaayu ke anukool aangan wale ghar; aur colonial Indo-Saracenic imaaratein. Har jagah kaarigaron ne bina cement ke unnat takneek aur jyaamiti ka upyog kiya.

3. Aaj ye kyon prasangik hai? Ye sikhaata hai ki sthaaniya jalvaayu aur saamagri ke hisaab se kaise banaayein, hamara itihaas aur hunar zinda rakhta hai, paryatakon ko laata hai, aur hamari pehchaan ka hissa hai; par ise upeksha aur pradooshan se bachaana zaroori hai, jo har naagrik ka kartavya hai.

Let’s Explore aur Let’s Remember (pages 95–118)

Hathode aur lohe ki chhainiyon se Ellora jaisi gufa kaatna (page 95). Pehle poore hall ki yojna banaakar chattaan par nishaan lagao. Upar se shuru karke chhat ki rekha ke theek neeche surang kaato, phir neeche aur andar ki or kaam karo, taaki kaarigar hamesha bina kati chattaan par khade rahein aur machaan na lage. Khambhe aur stupa ko kaatte hue khada chhod do. Pahaadi mein daraarein, kamzor paratein ya risne wala paani ho sakta hai, aur ek galat vaar sudhaara nahi ja sakta. Beech ke hall ki chhat ki mehraabdaar dhaariyaan pehle mote taur par kaati jaati, phir upar se neeche baareek chhainiyon se aakaar diya aur chikna kiya jaata. ‘Nave’ ke liye Bharatiya shabd: mandir mein jis hall se log guzarte hain wo mandapa hai, jo garbhagriha tak le jaata hai.

Mandir aur brahmaandiya praani ki aadi samaanta (page 100). Poorv–paschim rekha par lete hue, pair pravesh (gopuram) par, shareer mandapon mein, aur sir garbhagriha mein hai, jahan devta rakhe jaate hain.

Kshetriya shailiyaan (page 103). Brihadishvara ka vimana seedhi bhujaaon wale staron mein piramid ki tarah uthta hai, jabki uttar Bharatiya shikhara upar ki or andar mudta hai. Khajuraho ka Kandariya Mahadeva Mandir ooncha chabootre par khada hai, jahan chhote ghumaavdaar shikhar pahaadi chotiyon ki tarah mukhya shikhara tak chadhte hain; Cambodia ka Angkor Wat ek vishaal parisar hai, seedhidaar chabootron par kamal ki kali jaise kai shikharon, lambi nakkaashidaar dalaanon aur chaaron or khaai ke saath.

Saamagri, unke fayde aur nuksaan (page 104). Pakki eent: jahan mitti bahut ho wahan banaana aasaan, halki aur ek-jaisi, par ghisti hai aur plaster chahiye. Patthar (balua patthar, laterite, granite): mazboot aur tikaau, par bhaari, dhona mehenga aur kaatna dheema; granite kaatna sabse kathin. Sangmarmar: bahut baareek nakkaashi aur chamak, par mehenga, bhaari aur pradooshan se daag lagta hai. Jeevit chattaan: banaana hi nahi padta, par har galti hamesha ki. Terracotta: sasta aur pakaane se pehle aakaar dena aasaan, par sateek pakaai chahiye aur daraar ya ghisaav ho sakta hai. Lakdi: kaatna aasaan, par sadti hai, deemak khaati hai aur jalti hai, jaise puraana Mysuru mahal jala. Cement ka masaala nahi laga: pathar kaskar bithaaye jaate aur apne vazan se tike rehte, aur eentein choone ya mitti mein lagti.

Chaar mandir: samaan visheshtaayein aur antar (page 104). Samaan: devta wala garbhagriha, khambhon wale hall, shrine ke upar shikhar, sundar nakkaashi, parikrama ki jagah, aur poorv–paschim naksha. Antar: saamagri (Thanjavur mein granite, Bhubaneswar mein balua patthar aur laterite, Dilwara mein sangmarmar, Bishnupur mein eent aur terracotta), shikhar ka aakaar (piramid vimana, ghumaavdaar shikhara, Bengal shaili ki chhatein), aakaar, dharm (Hindu ya Jain) aur samay (11th se 18th century).

Apne ilaake ka mandir (page 104). Pravesh, khambhon wala hall, devta wala garbhagriha, shikhar aur uska aakaar, mandir kis disha mein hai, parikrama ka raasta, nirmaan saamagri, aur koi nakkaashi ya jalkund dhoondho.

Pichhli kitaabon ke kile (page 109). Jaisalmer paschimi Rajasthan ke Thar registaan mein hai; Kumbhalgarh dakshini Rajasthan ki Aravalli pahaadiyon mein; Raigad Maharashtra ke Sahyadri ka pahaadi kila hai; aur Sindhudurg Maharashtra ke Konkan tat ke paas ek dweep par samudri kila hai.

Beech ke aangan ke fayde (page 118). Ekaant, kyunki kamre andar ki or khulte hain; suvidha, kyunki har kamra ek saajhe aangan mein khulta hai jahan kaam aur parivaar ke aayojan hote hain; khule aangan se baarish ka paani ikattha ya baahar kiya ja sakta hai; aur thandak, kyunki garam hawa upar nikal jaati hai, aangan mein chhaaya padti hai aur kamron se hawa guzarti hai.

Questions and activities (page 124)

1. Fig. 3.5 ke 5-metre scale se ghar ka saamne ka hissa lagbhag 24 se 25 metre hai, aam 8-metre ki classroom ki lambaai ka lagbhag teen guna. Kam se kam do seedhiyaan pehchaani ja sakti hain, jo upari manzil ka ishaara hain. Agar maalik upar rehte the, to neeche ke kamre shaayad naukaron, anaaj aur saamaan ke bhandaar, rasoi, nahaane aur naali, kuan, bunaai ya shilp jaise kaam, aur darwaaze ke paas mehmaanon ya pehredaar ke liye the.

2. Eent ka gumbad: mazboot gol aadhaar banao, phir eenton ke chhalle banao, har chhalla neeche wale se thoda andar (corbelling), stupa ki tarah beech ko thos bharte hue, aur upar pahunchne ke liye mitti ke dhalaan ya lakdi ki machaan lagao; aakhir mein plaster karo. Fig. 3.12 jaisi chhat: upar se kaato, chhat ke neeche surang kholo, mod ko mote taur par banao, phir dhaariyaan kaatkar chikni karo, aur uske baad khambhon tak neeche aao. Samooh auzaar, kaam ke kram aur kitne kaarigar chahiye, is par alag raay de sakte hain.

3. In kundon mein paani ka star monsoon mein badhta aur sookhe mausam mein ghatta hai, isliye chaaron or ki seedhiyon se kisi bhi star par paani tak pahuncha ja sakta hai. Kai log ek saath naha, paani bhar ya anushthaan kar sakte hain; seedhiyon se safaai aur gaad nikaalna aasaan hota hai aur deewarein mazboot hoti hain; aur mandir ke kund mein ye sundarta aur vyavastha bhi laati hain.

4. Bishnupur ke terracotta khambhe (Fig. 3.27) gadhna aasaan tha: unki pattiyaan naram mitti mein haath se aakaar dekar aur kaatkar, tukda-tukda banaayi jaati, aur phir pakaayi jaati. Dilwara ke sangmarmar ke khambhe (Fig. 3.25) kathor patthar se kaatne padte the, jahan ek galat vaar poora kaam bigaad sakta hai. (Par terracotta ko dhyaan se pakaana padta hai aur ye sangmarmar jitni tikaau nahi.)

5. Upar ke chaar mandir dekho: sabmein garbhagriha, khambhon wale hall, shikhar aur sundar nakkaashi hai, aur sab parikrama ke liye bane hain; ye saamagri, shikhar ke aakaar, aakaar, dharm aur samay mein alag hain. Stupa aur gufaaon ke mukaable mandir kaatkar nahi, blocks se banaaye jaate hain, aur unmein devta ki murti hoti hai.

6. Nahi. Aise aangan kamron ke farsh se thoda neeche aur ek nikaas ki or dhalwaan banaaye jaate hain, isliye baarish ka paani naali se baahar ya bhandaaran tank mein chala jaata hai, aur kamre oonche chabootron aur gehre chhajjon ke saath hote hain. Asal mein aangan baarish ikattha karne mein madad karta hai.

7. Ek sambhav soochi, alag daur, kshetra, dharm aur imaarat ke prakaar ko dhakne ke liye chuni gayi:

8. Udaaharan: chhote garbhagriha ke upar ghumaavdaar shikhar, saamne khambhon wala hall aur poorv ki or pravesh wala sthaaniya patthar ka mandir uttar Bharatiya (shikhara) shastriya mandir hai; paschim ki or namaaz hall, mihrab, gumbad aur meenaaron wali imaarat masjid hai. Pehchaan ke nishaan hain naksha, shikhar ya gumbad, saamagri aur sajaawat.

9. Prakaar samoohon mein baanto (mandir, masjid, kile, maqbare, kuen aur kund, ghar, church, colonial imaaratein), kitaabon, internet, gaon-shehar ke buzurgon aur Archaeological Survey se tasveerein, sketch aur jaankaari ikattha karo, samay, nirmaata, saamagri aur visheshtaaon par chhote label likho, aur kisi sthaaniya itihaaskaar ya vaastukaar ko baat karne bulaao.

10. Sabse bade khatre hain kam jaane-maane smaarakon ki upeksha, hawa ka pradooshan, puraane jalkundon ka sookhna aur unmein kachra, atikraman aur bahut paas naya nirmaan, todphod aur deewaron par likhna, bheedbhaad wala laaparwaah paryatan, aur jaagrukta ki kami. Inhe kanoon aur adaalat ke aadesh (jaise Taj Mahal ke maamle mein), visheshagyon ki marammat aur safaai, museum jaise samajhdaar punah-upyog, sthaaniya samoohon, aur sabse badh kar naagrikon ke inki kadar aur dekhbhaal karne se bachaaya ja sakta hai, jo ek Maulik Kartavya hai.