Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 3: A Journey Through Indian Architecture (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
A Journey Through Indian Architecture lagbhag 2600 BCE se 20th century tak ki imaaraton ki sair karata hai: Harappa ke shehar, Bauddh aur Jain stupa aur chattaan kaatkar bani gufaayein, kuen aur baavdiyaan, shastriya mandir, masjid, kile aur mahal, maqbare, aangan wale ghar, church aur colonial imaaratein. Ye dikhaata hai ki Bharatiya kaarigaron ne upyog aur sundarta ko kaise joda, aur is virasat ko bachaana kyon zaroori hai.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Vaastukala aisi imaaratein design karne ki kala aur takneeki hunar hai jo upyogi bhi hon aur sundar bhi, aur Bharat hazaaron saalon se ismein aage raha hai. Chapter sab kuch nahi samet sakta, isliye ye har tarah ki imaarat ke kuch chune hue udaaharanon ki yatra karta hai, Harappa ke shehar se 20th century ke mahal tak. Ye teen bade sawaal poochhta hai: Bharatiya sabhyata mein vaastukala ki kya bhoomika rahi, iske peechhe kaun se vichaar hain, aur ye virasat aaj bhi kyon maayne rakhti hai.
Shuruaat: Harappa ke shehar
Harappa ke log upmahadweep ke sabse puraane jaane-maane yojnabaddh shehar chhod gaye. Zyaadatar eenton ke bane the, kyunki nadi ke maidaanon mein mitti bahut thi. Mohenjo-daro mein chaudi sadkein aur patli galiyaan lagbhag uttar–dakshin aur poorv–paschim chalti thi, lagbhag har ghar mein nahaane ki jagah thi, aur naaliyaan istemaal hua paani shehar se baahar le jaati thi. Ek bade ghar mein naukar shaayad neeche aur maalik upar rehte the, sadak ke shor aur dhool se door. Kachchh ke Rann ka Dholavira paas mein milne wale patthar se bana tha, deewaron se ghire hisson, sadkon aur vishaal jalaashayon ke saath.
Stupa aur chattaan-kati gufaayein
4th ya 3rd century BCE se Bauddh dharm naye roop laaya. Stupa Buddh ya kisi poojya bhikshu ke avsheshon par bana thos gumbad hai. Sanchi ka mukhya stupa, jo pehle Ashoka se juda tha, Bharat ki sabse puraani vishaal dhaarmik patthar ki imaarat hai: shraddhaalu nakkaashidaar toranon se andar aate aur reling ke andar gumbad ki parikrama karte. Is daur mein Buddh ko sirf prateekon se dikhaaya jaata tha, jaise padchinh ya chakra. Jainon ne bhi stupa banaaye. Pahaadiyon mein kaati gufaayein tikaau ghar aur hall bani: Bhubaneswar ke paas Udayagiri–Khandagiri, jo 2nd century BCE mein shuru hui, Jain bhikshuon ka ghar thi, aur Ellora mein hazaaron ton chattaan hataakar Kailasha Mandir chhoda gaya. Padho stupa, gufaayein aur mandir.
Jal sanrachnaayein
Bharat mein baarish monsoon ke kuch mahinon mein aati hai, isliye logon ne paani pakadne aur rakhne ke kai tareeke banaaye. Harappa ke kuon mein kone-daar eentein thi jo aapas mein phans jaati aur kuan dhehta nahi tha. Shringaverpur mein, jahan Ramayana ke anusaar Ram, Sita aur Lakshman ne Ganga paar ki thi, ek naali bade jalaashayon ki shrinkhla bharti thi. Gujarat aur Rajasthan ne baavdiyaan banaayi, jaise moortiyon se saji Rani ki Vav, aur mandiron ke kund pushkarini kehlaate the. Padho jal sanrachnaayein aur baavdiyaan.
Shastriya mandir
Mandir pooja ke saath shiksha, kala, sangeet aur vyaapaar ke kendra bhi the. Shastriya mandir Gupta kaal mein shuru hue aur shilpashastra ke niyamon par bane. Darshanaarthi dwaar (gopuram ya torana) se hokar ek ya zyada khambhon wale mandapon ko paar karke garbhagriha pahunchte hain, jahan devta ki murti hai; uske upar shikhara (uttar) ya vimana (dakshin) uthta hai. Zyaadatar poorv ki or mukh karte hain. Naksha Purusha, brahmaandiya praani, ka prateek bhi hai, aur andar jaana ek bheetari yatra jaisa hai. Thanjavur ka Brihadishvara, Bhubaneswar ka Lingaraja, Mount Abu ke sangmarmar ke Dilwara mandir aur Bishnupur ke terracotta mandir dikhaate hain ki shailiyaan kitni alag thi.
Masjid
Masjid wo jagah hai jahan Musalmaan namaaz ke liye ikatthe hote hain, aur ye shiksha aur samudaay ka kendra bhi hai. Iska namaaz hall Mecca ki or hota hai, badi masjidon mein gumbad aur meenaar hote hain, aur Jama Masjid mein Jumme ki namaaz hoti hai. Ahmedabad ki Jama Masjid (1424) Hindu aur Islami tatvon ko milaati hai, shaayad sthaaniya Hindu aur Jain kaarigaron ki madad se bani: is mel ko Indo-Islami vaastukala kehte hain. Shah Jahan ki banwaayi Delhi ki Jama Masjid Bharat ki sabse badi masjid hai. Padho kile, mahal, masjid aur maqbare.
Kile aur mahal
Kile rajyon ki raksha karte the, isliye pahaadiyon par ya mukhya raaston ke paas bane, aur kai mein mahal bhi the. Mehrangarh Jodhpur ke upar khada hai; Akbar ne Agra ka Lal Kila laal balua patthar mein dobaara banwaaya, aur Shah Jahan ne sangmarmar ke mahal jode, jahan baad mein unke bete Aurangzeb ne unhe qaid rakha; Bundela Rajputon ne Betwa par Orchha banaaya; aur 20th century ki shuruaat mein dobaara bana Mysuru Palace tyohaaron ki shaam lagbhag 1,00,000 battiyon se chamakta hai.
Maqbare
Islam aur Isaai dharm mein mrit ko dafnaaya jaata hai, aur shaasakon aur santon ke liye bhavya maqbare bane; Bauddh, Jain aur Hindu aam taur par daah sanskaar karte hain, isliye unke shaasakon ke liye zyaada se zyaada cenotaph (smaarak chhatri) bane. Humayun ke Maqbare (1558) ne Persian vichaar Mughal nirmaan mein laaye. Shah Jahan ne Mumtaz Mahal ke liye jo Taj Mahal banwaaya, usmein Persian charbagh aur mehraab, Arabi calligraphy aur Bharatiya chhatriyaan aur kamal ke design jude hain, aur safed sangmarmar mein pathar jade hain.
Ghar, church aur colonial imaaratein
Kai paaramparik ghar beech ke aangan ke chaaron or bane hote hain, ek naksha jo Harappa ke bade gharon mein bhi tha: Shekhawati ki havelion par rangeen bhitti-chitra hain, aur Chettinad ke gharon mein Burma ki saagwaan aur Italy ka sangmarmar laga. Kerala ke kuch churchon ne mandir ka dhwaj-stambh aur dhalwaan khaprail ki chhatein apnaayi, jabki Mysuru ka St. Philomena’s Gothic hai. Colonial Indo-Saracenic imaaraton, jaise Madras High Court aur Kolkata ka Victoria Memorial, mein Islami, Hindu aur Gothic visheshtaayein mili.
Apni virasat ki dekhbhaal
Eenton aur pattharon ke peechhe gehre vichaar hain: insaan ko brahmaand aur divya se jodna, aur sundarta aur vyavastha. Phir bhi kai kam jaane-maane smaarak upekshit hain, aur sarkaari sansthaayein akele hazaaron smaarakon ki dekhbhaal nahi kar sakti. Hamare ek Maulik Kartavya mein har naagrik se kaha gaya hai ki hamari mili-juli sanskriti ki samriddh virasat ka mahatva samjhe aur use bachaaye. Har sawaal ka jawaab Part 2 Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Vaastukala (architecture) | Imaaraton ko design karne aur banaane ki kala aur takneek, jo upyogi bhi hon aur sundar bhi. |
| Stupa | Buddh ya poojya bhikshuon ke avshesh rakhne wala thos gumbad jaisa dhaancha; Jainon ne bhi banaaye. |
| Torana | Sajaawati pravesh dwaar, jaise Sanchi Stupa ke chaaron or ke nakkaashidaar dwaar. |
| Pradakshina | Pooja ke roop mein stupa ya mandir ke ghadi ki disha mein chakkar lagaana. |
| Chattaan-kati vaastukala (rock-cut) | Gufaayein aur mandir jo blocks jodkar nahi, seedhe pahaadi ko kaatkar banaaye gaye. |
| Baavdi (stepwell, vav) | Seedhiyon se kai star neeche paani tak pahunchne wala kuan, jo paani jama karta aur thandi mel-jol ki jagah bhi tha. |
| Pushkarini | Mandir ka jalkund, chaaron or seedhiyon ke saath, paani jama karne aur anushthaanon ke liye. |
| Garbhagriha | Mandir ka sabse bheetari kaksh, jahan devta ki murti rakhi jaati hai. |
| Mandapa | Mandir ka khambhon wala hall, pravesh aur garbhagriha ke beech. |
| Shikhara aur vimana | Garbhagriha ke upar ka shikhar: uttar Bharat mein shikhara, dakshin Bharat mein vimana. |
| Gopuram | Dakshin Bharatiya mandir ka ooncha, sajaawati pravesh dwaar. |
| Shilpashastra | Kala aur shilp, khaas kar vaastukala aur moortikala, ke granth, jinke niyamon par mandir bane. |
| Mihrab | Masjid ki deewar ka aala jo Mecca ki disha dikhaata hai, jidhar namaaz padhi jaati hai. |
| Jaali | Khule jaal jaise design mein kaata gaya patthar ka parda, jo roshni aur hawa aane deta hai. |
| Cenotaph (smaarak chhatri) | Kisi vyakti ki yaad mein bana smaarak jo daah-sthal darshaata hai, par jismein dafn nahi hota. |
| Indo-Saracenic | 19th ke beech se 20th century ki shuruaat tak ki colonial shaili, jismein Islami, Hindu aur Gothic visheshtaayein mili. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Harappa ke kis shehar mein patthar ka bahut istemaal hua?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Dholavira
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Mandir ka sabse bheetari kaksh, jahan devta ki murti hoti hai, kehlaata hai:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) garbhagriha
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Thanjavur ka Brihadishvara Mandir lagbhag 1010 mein kisne banwaaya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Rajaraja Chola I
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Rani ki Vav ek mashhoor ___ hai.
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) baavdi
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1558 mein Humayun ka Maqbara kisne banwaana shuru karaaya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Bega Begum
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Madras High Court kis shaili ka udaaharan hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Indo-Saracenic
Students ke sawal
Class 8 SST Part 2 Chapter 3 ke mukhya topics kya hain?
Harappa ki nagar yojna; stupa; chattaan-kati gufaayein; kuen, jalaashay, baavdiyaan aur mandir ke kund jaisi jal sanrachnaayein; shastriya mandir; masjid; kile aur mahal; maqbare; paaramparik aangan wale ghar; church; colonial Indo-Saracenic imaaratein; aur is virasat ko bachaana kyon zaroori hai.
Kya A Journey Through Indian Architecture naye NCERT Class 8 SST book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 8 Part 2 ka Chapter 3 hai, ‘Our Cultural Heritage and Knowledge Traditions’ theme mein, pages 85 se 124 tak.
Shikhara aur vimana mein kya antar hai?
Dono mandir ke garbhagriha ke upar ke shikhar hain. Uttar Bharatiya mandiron mein ise shikhara kehte hain, jo aam taur par ooncha aur ghumaavdaar hota hai, jaise Lingaraja Mandir. Dakshin Bharatiya mandiron mein ise vimana kehte hain, jo aksar seedhiyon ki tarah piramid jaisa uthta hai, jaise Brihadishvara Mandir.
Indo-Islami vaastukala kya hai?
Jab Islami nirmaan paramparaayein Bharatiya kaarigari se mili, tab ye shaili bani. Masjidon aur maqbaron mein gumbad, nukeele aur corbelled mehraab, patthar ki jaaliyaan aur phool-patti ke design aaye, jo aksar sthaaniya Hindu aur Jain kaarigaron ne banaaye, aur Rajasthan mein jharokhe aur chhatriyaan judi. Ahmedabad ki Jama Masjid iska udaaharan hai.
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