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Kile, mahal, masjid aur maqbare

Short mein jawab

Masjid ka namaaz hall Mecca ki or hota hai, aksar gumbad aur meenaaron ke saath; Bharat ki Indo-Islami imaaratein Islami roopon ko Bharatiya kaarigari se jodti hain, jaise Ahmedabad ki Jama Masjid. Mehrangarh aur Agra jaise kile rajyon ki raksha karte aur mahal rakhte the. Humayun ka Maqbara aur Taj Mahal samroopta, charbagh, jadaai aur calligraphy dikhaate hain.

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Masjid

Masjid wo jagah hai jahan Musalmaan namaaz ke liye ikatthe hote hain; ye dhaarmik shiksha, samudaay ki baithakon aur charchaaon ke liye bhi hai. Har masjid ka namaaz hall Mecca ki or hota hai, aur deewar ka ek aala, mihrab, wo disha dikhaata hai. Badi masjidon mein gumbad aur meenaar hote hain, jahan se azaan di jaati hai. Jumme ki namaaz khaas hai, aur use karaane wali badi masjid Jama Masjid kehlaati hai: jama yaani ikattha hona, masjid yaani namaaz ki jagah.

Sultan Ahmed Shah I ne 1424 mein peele balua patthar ki Ahmedabad ki Jama Masjid banwaayi. Iske saamne sundar mehraab aur do meenaaron ke nichle hisse hain, jinke upari hisse bhookamp mein gir gaye; 1809 ka ek sketch unhe poora dikhaata hai. Iski patthar ki jaaliyaan, mandir jaise saade khambhe aur baareek nakkaashi bataati hai ki sthaaniya Hindu aur Jain kaarigaron ne ismein kaam kiya. Shah Jahan ki Delhi ki Jama Masjid, jo unhone 17th century ke beech Shahjahanabad mein raajdhaani le jaane ke baad banwaayi, Bharat ki sabse badi masjid hai: safed sangmarmar ke saath laal balua patthar, teen darwaaze, teen gumbad, do 40-metre oonche meenaar, aur 25,000 logon tak ka aangan, jise lagbhag 5,000 mazdooron ne banaaya.

Masjid ke hisse, Ahmedabad aur Delhi ki Jama Masjidon ki tulna ke saath
Masjid ke hisse

Indo-Islami vaastukala

Jab Islami nirmaan ke vichaar Bharatiya kaarigari se mile, ek nayi shaili bani, jise Indo-Islami kehte hain. Ismein gumbad, nukeele aur corbelled mehraab (seedhiyon ki tarah andar ki or rakhe pattharon se bane), jaaliyaan aur phool-patti ke design hain. Rajasthan mein kaarigaron ne jharokhe, yaani baahar nikle chhajje, aur chhatriyaan, chhote gumbaddaar mandap, jode.

Corbelled mehraab aur sachcha mehraab: seedhidaar pattharon ki tulna kone-daar pattharon se
Corbelled aur sachcha mehraab

Kile aur mahal

Kile rajyon ki raksha karte the, isliye mukhya zameeni ya samudri raaston ke paas, aksar maidaan dekhti pahaadi par bane. Kai mein mahal aur shaasakon aur sainikon ke ghar bhi the, aur kuch mein poora shehar.

  • Mehrangarh, Jodhpur ke upar, 15th century ke beech shuru hua aur Rajput shaasakon ne lagbhag do sadiyon tak ise badhaaya. Ye sthaaniya laal balua patthar ka hai; iske mahal mein shaahi kamre, purushon aur mahilaaon ke alag hisse, karmachaariyon ke kamre, astabal aur barracks hain, aur ab ye museum hai. Paas ka Jaswant Thada ek cenotaph hai. Jodhpur ke neele gharon par copper sulphate mila choona lagta hai, jo deemak door rakhta bataaya jaata hai.
  • Agra ka Lal Kila Akbar ne lagbhag 60 km door Dholpur ke laal balua patthar se dobaara banwaaya. Sangmarmar pasand karne wale Shah Jahan ne kai imaaratein sangmarmar ke mahalon se badal di, aur baad mein unke bete Aurangzeb ne unhe unmein se ek, Musamman Burj, mein qaid rakha. 19th century mein British fauj ne iski kai imaaratein nasht ki. Persian wheel Yamuna ka paani deewaron ke tankon tak uthaakar iske phavvaare chalaate the.
  • Madhya Pradesh mein Betwa ke kinaare Orchha parisar, jise Bundela Rajputon ne 16th century ke beech banaaya, mein teen mukhya mahal hain; Jahangir Mahal Rajput aur Mughal shailiyon ko milaata hai.
  • Wadiyar vansh ka Mysuru Palace (Amba Vilas) aag ke baad 20th century ki shuruaat mein Indo-Saracenic shaili mein dobaara bana, nakkaashidaar lakdi ke darwaazon, rangeen kaanch aur Dasara par dikhaaye jaane wale sone ke singhaasan ke saath.
Kile aur mahal: Mehrangarh, Agra ka Lal Kila, Orchha aur Mysuru Palace
Kile aur mahal

Maqbare

Islam aur Isaai dharm mein mrit ko dafnaaya jaata hai, aur Islami duniya mein shaasakon, shaahi parivaar ke logon aur poojya sufiyon ke liye bhavya maqbare bane, kuch had tak vansh ki mahaanta jataane ke liye bhi. Bauddh, Jain aur Hindu aam taur par daah sanskaar karte hain, isliye praacheen Bharat mein aise shaasakon ke maqbare nahi hain; madhyakaal ke cenotaph sirf daah-sthal darshaate hain. In smaarakon mein sakht samroopta hai, jo baagon tak jaati hai, aur mehraab, phool-patti, jaali aur Quran ki aayaton ki calligraphy hai.

Delhi ka Humayun ka Maqbara 1558 mein Humayun ki pramukh patni Bega Begum ne shuru karaaya, aur Persian vaastukaaron ne iska naksha banaaya jo Persian ruchi Mughal nirmaan mein laaye; Dara Shikoh samet kai Mughal yahan dafn hain. Iske chhe-konon wale taare kai dharmon ka saajha prateek hain. Shah Jahan ka 17th century ke beech Mumtaz Mahal ke liye banwaaya Taj Mahal Persian, Arabi aur Bharatiya tatvon ko milaata hai, safed sangmarmar mein keemti pattharon ki naazuk jadaai ke saath. 1970s mein karkhaanon ke dhuen ne iske sangmarmar ko peela kiya, aur ek visheshagya samiti aur Supreme Court ke mukadme ke baad 1990s ke beech paas ke pradooshan failaane wale udyogon par rok lagi.

Maqbare aur cenotaph: Humayun ke Maqbare aur Taj Mahal ki tulna
Maqbare aur cenotaph
Charbagh: paani ki naaliyon se chaar hisson mein bata deewaron se ghira baag
Charbagh
Humayun ke Maqbare par chhe-konon wala taara aur alag paramparaon mein uske arth
Chhe-konon wala taara

Ye bhi dekho: stupa, gufaayein aur mandir, jal sanrachnaayein aur baavdiyaan, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.

Practice karo

  1. Sultan Ahmed Shah I ne 1424 mein kaun si Jama Masjid banwaayi?

    1. (a) Delhi
    2. (b) Ahmedabad
    3. (c) Agra
    4. (d) Lahore
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Ahmedabad

  2. Agra ke kile ka laal balua patthar kahan se aaya?

    1. (a) Jodhpur
    2. (b) Dholpur
    3. (c) Makrana
    4. (d) Mount Abu
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Dholpur

  3. Charbagh kya hai?

    1. (a) ooncha minaar
    2. (b) chaar hisson mein bata baag
    3. (c) patthar ki jaali
    4. (d) namaaz ka aala
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) chaar hisson mein bata baag

  4. Vidwaan kyon sochte hain ki Ahmedabad ki Jama Masjid banaane mein sthaaniya Hindu aur Jain kaarigaron ne madad ki?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Ismein baareek patthar ki jaaliyaan, kuch mandiron jaise (par saade) khambhe aur baareek nakkaashi hai, jo sthaaniya mandir-nirmaataon ki pehchaan hain, aur ye sab Islami mehraabon aur meenaaron ke saath mile hain.

  5. Agra ke kile ke phavvaaron ko paani kaise milta tha?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Persian wheel Yamuna ka paani kile ki deewaron par bane tankon tak uthaate the; wahan se paani terracotta ke pipon se neeche bahkar phavvaaron mein jaata, jo prakritik air-conditioner ki tarah jagah ko thanda rakhte.

Students ke sawal

Masjid ke mukhya hisse kya hain?

Mecca ki or ka namaaz hall, jismein mihrab, deewar ka ek aala, wo disha dikhaata hai. Badi masjidon mein aksar ek ya zyada gumbad, meenaar jahan se azaan di jaati hai, aur aangan hota hai. Jumme ki namaaz wali badi masjid ko Jama Masjid kehte hain.

Taj Mahal ke design mein kya khaas hai?

Ye teen paramparaayein milaata hai: Persian charbagh baag aur bade mehraabdaar darwaaze, Arabi calligraphy aur jyaamitiya design, aur Bharatiya chhatriyaan, kamal ke design aur sangmarmar ki jaaliyaan. Iske safed sangmarmar mein phoolon ke design mein keemti pathar jade hain, aur ye din bhar rang badalta sa lagta hai.

Kile pahaadiyon par kyon banaaye jaate the?

Rajya ko hamle se bachaane ke liye. Kisi mukhya zameeni ya samudri raaste ke paas pahaadi par bana kila neeche ke maidaan dekh sakta tha aur wahan pahunchna mushkil tha. Andar kai kilon mein mahal, shaasakon aur sainikon ke ghar, astabal aur kabhi poora shehar hota tha.

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