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Stupa, chattaan-kati gufaayein aur mandir

Short mein jawab

Stupa avsheshon par bane thos gumbad hain, jinke chaaron or reling aur nakkaashidaar dwaar hote hain, jaise Sanchi mein. Udayagiri–Khandagiri aur Ellora jaisi chattaan-kati gufaayein seedhe pahaadi kaatkar bani. Gupta kaal se shastriya mandir dwaar se khambhon wale mandapon ke raaste garbhagriha tak le jaate hain, jiske upar uttar mein shikhara ya dakshin mein vimana hota hai.

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Stupa

4th ya 3rd century BCE se jab Bauddh dharm faila, eent aur patthar ke hazaaron stupa bane. Stupa Buddh ya kisi poojya bhikshu ke avsheshon wala thos gumbad hai; bade stupa reling, dwaaron aur Buddh ke jeevan ki kahaaniyaan sunaane wali pattiyon ke saath anushthaan ke kendra ban gaye. Is shuruaati kala mein Buddh khud vyakti ke roop mein nahi dikhte, sirf prateekon se: unke padchinh, dharm chakra, ya stupa.

Madhya Pradesh mein Sanchi ka mukhya stupa, jise pehle Ashoka ne banwaaya ya sahaara diya, Bharat mein vishaal dhaarmik patthar nirmaan ka sabse shuruaati daur hai. Shraddhaalu chaar vishaal nakkaashidaar dwaaron (torana) mein se kisi ek se andar aate, jin par shehar aur gaon ke jeevan ke drishya hain, aur patthar ki reling (vedika) ke andar gumbad ki parikrama karte. Madhya Pradesh ke hi Bharhut ki ek patti mein log stupa ki pooja karte dikhte hain, aur wahan ki reling par daan dene waalon ke naam khude hain. Jainon ne bhi stupa banaaye.

Upar se dekha Sanchi jaisa stupa: gumbad, reling, dwaar aur parikrama ka raasta
Upar se stupa

Chattaan se kaati gayi

Dhaarmik samudaayon ko pooja, rehne aur milne ke liye tikaau jagah chahiye thi, aur chattaan mein kaatne se mazboot, lambe samay tak tikne wale hall mile. Bhubaneswar ke paas Udayagiri–Khandagiri ki gufaayein, jo 2nd century BCE mein raajkeeya sahayog se shuru hui, Bharat ki shuruaati gufaaon mein hain; zyaadatar Jain bhikshuon ke ghar thi, aur ek mein Raja Kharavela ka abhilekh hai.

Maharashtra mein Ajanta aur Ellora ke shaandaar gufa samooh hain. Ellora mein Bauddh, Hindu aur Jain gufaayein saath-saath hain, aur vishaal Kailasha Mandir aas-paas ki chattaan kaatne ke baad khada chhoda gaya. Ellora ki Gufa 10 ek vishaal prarthana hall hai: upadesh ki mudra mein baithe Buddh ek stupa se tike hain, mehraabdaar chhat shehar ki imaaraton ki lakdi ki dharanon ki nakal karti hai, aur bhikshu bagal ke galiyaaron mein stupa ke ghadi ki disha mein chakkar lagaate the. Ye parikrama, pradakshina, baad ke mandiron mein bhi chalti rahi.

Ellora ki Gufa 10 ka naksha: beech ka hall, galiyaare, khambhon ki qataarein aur baithe Buddh wala stupa
Ellora ki Gufa 10
Chattaan-kati vaastukala: Udayagiri–Khandagiri, Ellora, Gufa 10 aur Ajanta
Chattaan se kaati gayi

Shastriya mandir ka naksha

Mandir stupa aur gufa ki paramparaon se nikle aur pooja, shiksha, kala aur saamaajik-aarthik jeevan ke kendra ban gaye. Shastriya mandir Gupta kaal mein dikhte hain, raajkeeya anudaanon aur kai daanadaataon ki madad se, aur kala-shilp ke granth shilpashastra ke niyamon par bane. Darshanaarthi ek sajaawati dwaar (dakshin mein gopuram, kuch uttari mandiron mein torana) se hokar, ek ya zyada khambhon wale hall (mandapa) paar karke, garbhagriha pahunchte hain, jahan devta ki murti hai. Uske upar shikhar uthta hai: uttar Bharat mein shikhara aur dakshin mein vimana. Mukhya rekha aam taur par poorv–paschim hoti hai, garbhagriha poorv ki or mukh kiye, aur bade mandiron mein upmandir aur ghere ki deewarein (prakara) judti hain.

Shastriya mandir ke hisse, naksha: dwaar, mandapa, garbhagriha, upmandir aur parikrama ka raasta
Shastriya mandir ke hisse

Mandir ek prateek bhi hai. Ise Purusha, brahmaandiya praani, ke shareer ki tarah banaaya jaata hai: shikhar ka sira sir hai aur chabootra pair. Andar jaana, baahari duniya se shaant garbhagriha tak, ek aadhyaatmik bheetari yatra jaisa hai.

Mandir Purusha ke roop mein: shikhar ka sira sir, chabootra pair, aur aadi rekha par padhaai
Mandir Purusha ke roop mein

Chaar mandir, chaar shailiyaan

Lagbhag 9th century tak mandir chhote rahe; 10th century se ve vishaal parisaron mein badal gaye. Lagbhag 1010 mein Rajaraja Chola I ka banwaaya Thanjavur ka Brihadishvara Mandir vishaal mandapon, 60 metre se oonche granite ke vimana aur ek hi patthar se kaate vishaal Nandi ke liye mashhoor hai. Bhubaneswar ka 11th century ki shuruaat ka Lingaraja Mandir sthaaniya balua patthar aur laterite ka hai, teen bade mandapon aur nakkaashidaar shikhara ke saath. Dono Shiv ko samarpit hain. Mount Abu ke paanch Dilwara mandir, jinhe Solanki shaasakon ne 11th se 13th century ke beech banwaaya, safed sangmarmar ke Jain mandir hain jinki har sateh par nakkaashi hai. Paschim Bengal ke Bishnupur mandir, 17th aur 18th century ke, pakaai hui terracotta pattiyon se dhake eent ke bhavan hain.

Shikhara aur vimana: uttar Bharat ka ghumaavdaar shikhar aur dakshin Bharat ka seedhidaar shikhar
Shikhara aur vimana
Yatra ke chaar mandir: Brihadishvara, Lingaraja, Dilwara aur Bishnupur
Yatra ke chaar mandir

In mein se kisi mein cement ka masaala nahi laga. Inhe banaane mein bahut saare mazdoor, maahir moortikaar, aur aise vaastukaar aur engineer lage jinhone kaafi jyaamiti istemaal ki, jaise Misr ke piramidon, Athens ke Parthenon aur Europe ke Gothic cathedrals ke nirmaataon ne. Chapter Kashmir ke Sharada Peeth, jo kabhi shiksha ka mashhoor kendra tha; Manali ke 16th century ke Hidimba Devi Mandir; Uttarakhand ke lagbhag 124 patthar ke mandiron wale Jageshwar samooh; aur Sikhon ke sabse pavitra sthal, Amritsar ke Golden Temple, ki or bhi dhyaan dilaata hai.

Aur: kile, mahal, masjid aur maqbare, jal sanrachnaayein aur baavdiyaan, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.

Practice karo

  1. Sanchi aur Bharhut ki shuruaati nakkaashi mein Buddh ko kaise dikhaaya gaya?

    1. (a) aadamkad moortiyon se
    2. (b) padchinh aur chakra jaise prateekon se
    3. (c) sirf chitron se
    4. (d) sikkon se
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) padchinh aur chakra jaise prateekon se

  2. Udayagiri–Khandagiri ki gufaaon mein zyaadatar kaun rehte the?

    1. (a) Bauddh bhikshu
    2. (b) Jain bhikshu
    3. (c) sainik
    4. (d) vyaapaari
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) Jain bhikshu

  3. Dakshin Bharatiya mandir mein garbhagriha ke upar ka shikhar kehlaata hai:

    1. (a) shikhara
    2. (b) vimana
    3. (c) gopuram
    4. (d) mandapa
    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: (b) vimana

  4. Shastriya mandir ke mukhya hisse baahar se andar ki or batao.

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Ek sajaawati pravesh dwaar (dakshin mein gopuram, kuch uttari mandiron mein torana), ek ya zyada khambhon wale hall jinhe mandapa kehte hain, aur garbhagriha, yaani devta ki murti wala bheetari kaksh, jiske upar shikhar hota hai.

  5. Bishnupur ke mandir Dilwara mandiron se kaise alag the?

    Jawab dekho

    Jawab: Paschim Bengal ke Bishnupur ke 17th–18th century ke mandir eent ke hain, jin par Radha, Krishna, Ram aur rozmarra ke drishyon wali pakaai hui terracotta pattiyaan hain. Mount Abu ke 11th–13th century ke Dilwara mandir safed sangmarmar ke Jain mandir hain, jinki har sateh par nakkaashi hai.

Students ke sawal

Stupa kya hota hai?

Stupa Buddh ya poojya bhikshuon ke avsheshon par bana thos, gumbad jaisa dhaancha hai. Sanchi jaise bade stupon mein patthar ki reling, gumbad ke chaaron or chalne ka raasta aur chaar nakkaashidaar dwaar, torana, the. Jainon ne bhi stupa banaaye, aur ye roop poore Asia mein faila.

Chattaan-kati gufaayein kaise banti thi?

Hathode aur lohe ki chhainiyon wale kaarigar pahaadi mein kaatte the, aam taur par upar se shuru karke neeche aur andar ki or, hazaaron ton chattaan hataate hue. Ve khambhe, moortiyaan aur dhaaridaar chhatein bhi chhod dete the, jaise Ellora ki Gufa 10, jiski chhat lakdi ki dharanon jaisi dikhti hai.

Mandir ki tulna Purusha, brahmaandiya praani, se kyon ki jaati hai?

Mandir insaani shareer ki tarah sochkar banaaya jaata hai. Upar se neeche, shikhara ya vimana ka sira sir hai aur chabootra pair. Poorv–paschim rekha par pravesh pair hai aur garbhagriha sir. Is tarah mandir hamare apne astitva aur brahmaand ka prateek hai, aur andar jaana ek bheetari yatra jaisa hai.

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