NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 4: The Role of the Judiciary in Our Society (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 8 Part 2, ke Chapter 4, The Role of the Judiciary in Our Society, ke Big Questions, har Let’s Explore aur Don’t Miss Out box, aur saare paanch Questions and activities ke jawaab. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 125–142). Chhote notes: Part 2 Chapter 4 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 125)

1. Nyaay ki avdhaarna kya hai? Nyaay ka matlab hai ki har vyakti ke saath kaanoon ke hisaab se nishpaksh vyavhaar ho aur wo barabari aur samaan ke saath jee sake. Preamble sab naagrikon ko saamaajik, aarthik aur raajnaitik nyaay ka vaada karti hai. Nyaay ke do pehlu hain: saarbhoot nyaay, yaani nishpaksh nateeja, aur prakriyaatmak nyaay, yaani faisle se pehle sabki poori sunvaai. Doshi saabit hone tak har vyakti nirdosh maana jaata hai.

2. Nyaaypoorn aur sauhaardpoorn samaaj ke liye ye kyon zaroori hai? Asahmatiyaan har samay hoti hain. Agar logon ko bharosa ho ki vivaad nishpaksh dhang se suljhenge, to wo taakat ki jagah baatcheet ya adaalat ka sahaara lete hain, aur shaanti aur sauhaard bane rehte hain. Nyaay kamzor ko taakatwar se bhi bachaata hai; Criminal Tribes Act, Jim Crow kaanoon aur apartheid jaise anyaayi kaanoon dikhaate hain ki iske bina poore samooh apni garima kho dete hain.

3. Bharat mein nyaaypalika ki banaavat aur bhoomika kya hai? Ye ek ekikrit vyavastha hai: sabse upar Supreme Court, har rajya ya rajyon ke samooh ke liye ek High Court, aur zilon mein adheenasth adaalatein, saath mein vishesh tribunal. Vidhayika aur kaaryapalika se swatantra rehkar ye kaanoon ke hisaab se vivaad suljhaati hai, writ aur Public Interest Litigation se Maulik Adhikaaron ki raksha karti hai, aur dekhti hai ki kaanoon Samvidhaan ka samaan karein aur kaaryapalika apni seema mein rahe.

4. Vivaad suljhaane ke vaikalpik tareeke kya hain? Arbitration, jismein swatantra arbitrator baadhya award dete hain; mediation ya conciliation, jismein nishpaksh vyakti pakshon ko sahmat hone mein madad karte hain; baatcheet; Lok Adalat, logon ki adaalatein jo case aapsi sahmati se suljhaati hain; aur Gram Nyayalaya, saral prakriya wali chalti-phirti gaon ki adaalatein.

Let’s Explore aur Don’t Miss Out (pages 127–139)

Jab kisi ne aapke saath nainsaafi ki (page 127). Ek namoona jawaab: ek baar mujh par ek sahpaathi ka pencil box todne ka ilzaam laga, aur mujhse poochha bhi nahi gaya ki kya hua tha. Mujhe gussa aaya aur bebasi lagi. Theek karne ke liye teacher ko faisle se pehle hum dono ki baat sunni chahiye thi, aur jiski galti thi use maafi maangkar box badalna chahiye tha. Ek nishpaksh, tatasth vyakti, yahaan teacher, maamla theek kar sakte the. Adaalatein bhi yahi karti hain: dono paksh sunti hain (prakriyaatmak nyaay) aur nishpaksh nateeje tak pahunchti hain (saarbhoot nyaay).

Supreme Court ka logo (page 130). Jaane-pehchaane hisse: sabse upar ek chakra, jaisa hamare raashtriya jhande par hai; uske neeche Sarnath ke Ashoka ke Lion Capital ke sher, jaise raashtriya chinh mein; unke neeche ek patti par aadarsh vaakya yato dharmastato jayah, ‘jahaan dharma hai, wahaan vijay hai’; aur Supreme Court of India shabd, sab ek sajaavati frame ke andar.

Articles 142 aur 144 (page 133). Supreme Court kisi case mein poora nyaay karne ke liye zaroori koi bhi aadesh de sakta hai, aur Bharat ke har civil aur nyaayik adhikaari ko Court ki madad karni hoti hai, taaki uske aadesh laagu hon.

Ek se zyada bench wale High Court (page 135). Misaalein: Allahabad High Court Lucknow mein bhi baithta hai; Bombay High Court Nagpur, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) aur Goa mein; Madras High Court Madurai mein; Madhya Pradesh High Court (Jabalpur) Indore aur Gwalior mein; Rajasthan High Court (Jodhpur) Jaipur mein; Karnataka High Court Dharwad aur Kalaburagi mein; aur Gauhati High Court Kohima, Aizawl aur Itanagar mein. Bench se log door gaye bina High Court tak pahunch sakte hain. Maujooda soochi teacher ke saath jaanchiye, kyonki samay-samay par nayi bench judti hain.

Aapke sabse paas ki adheenasth adaalat (page 136). Aam taur par aapke zila mukhyalay ka District and Sessions Court; bade kasbon aur tehsilon mein civil judge aur judicial magistrate ki adaalatein bhi hoti hain. Aapke zila court ki website, jo eCourts portal par di gayi hai, pata bataati hai. Note kijiye ki wahaan kaun si adaalatein hain: civil, criminal, family ya Small Causes Court.

Wo flat jo kabhi nahi bana (page 137). Builder ne lagbhag ₹65 lakh advance lekar chaar saal tak kuch nahi banaaya, yaani samjhauta toda. Upbhokta hone ke naate parivaar ko saadhaaran mukadma shuru karne ki zaroorat nahi padi: wo National Consumer Commission gaye, jo upbhokta vivaadon ki vishesh sanstha hai. Usne dono paksh sune, jo prakriyaatmak nyaay hai, aur byaaj aur case ke kharche ke saath paisa lautaane ka aadesh diya, jo saarbhoot nyaay hai.

Naye aapraadhik kaanoon (page 138). 2023 mein teen naye kaanoonon ne colonial daur ke aapraadhik kaanoonon ki jagah li. Inka maqsad hai jaldi nyaay, digital saboot ki anumati aur peediton ki behtar suraksha.

Digital pehal (page 139). e-Filing, hybrid sunvaai, kaarvaai ki live streaming, kai Bharatiya bhashaon mein anuvaad kiye gaye faisle, National Judicial Data Grid aur, 2024–25 se, Supreme Court ke mukhya gate par Virtual Justice Clock. Inse litigant apne case khud dekh sakte hain aur koi bhi adaalat ke aadesh padh sakta hai.

Questions and activities (pages 141–142)

1. Kisi saamaajik mudde par High Court ko namoona patra.

Seva mein
Maananiya Chief Justice
[Aapke rajya] ka High Court, [shehar]

Vishay: Hamare school ke paas kooda jalaane se bachchon ki sehat ko nuksaan

Maananiya Chief Justice,

Main [school ka naam], [shehar] mein Class 8 mein hoon. Kai maheenon se hamare school ke paas ek khule plot mein lagbhag har subah kooda phenka aur jalaaya jaata hai. Dhuaan hamari kakshaon mein aata hai; kai bachchon ko khaansi aur aankhon mein paani ki shikaayat hai, aur asthma wale kuch bachche school nahi aa paaye. Humne sthaaniya nagar palika daftar mein shikaayat ki, par kooda jalaana band nahi hua.

Adaalaton ne maana hai ki Article 21 ke jeevan ke adhikaar mein saaf paryavaran ka adhikaar bhi shaamil hai. Maananiya Court se namra nivedan hai ki is mudde par dhyaan dein aur sambandhit adhikaariyon ko kooda jalaana rokne, plot saaf karaane aur hamare ilaake mein kooda uthaane ki theek vyavastha karne ka nirdesh dein.

Tasveerein aur taareekhon ki soochi saath mein lagi hain.

Saadar,
[Naam], Class 8, [school ka naam aur pata]
[Taareekh]

Aisa patra chhota aur tathyon par aadhaarit rakhiye: taareekh, jagah, aapne pehle kya koshish ki aur aap kya maang rahe hain. Supreme Court ne kabhi-kabhi naagrikon ke patron ko Public Interest Litigation ki tarah suna hai.

2. Lambit case kam karne ke naye upaay. Vidhayika ya kaaryapalika ke sadasya ke roop mein ye kadam uthaaye ja sakte hain: zyada judge niyukt karna aur khaali pad jaldi bharna, sabse puraane case ke liye fast-track courts ke saath; upyukt parivaarik aur civil vivaadon mein mediation ko pehla kadam banaana aur zyada Lok Adalat lagaana, weekend par bhi, aur gaon ke ilaakon mein Gram Nyayalaya; e-filing, video sunvaai, digital record, anuvaad aur scheduling ke liye technology; tareekh par tareekh (adjournment) seemit karna aur case ke har charan ki samay-seema tay karna; sarkaari vibhaagon se, jo bahut saare case mein paksh hote hain, kehna ki adaalat jaane se pehle vivaad suljhaayein; purane kaanoon khatm karna aur saral kaanoon banaana; aur zyada court staff aur legal aid.

3. Moot court. Ek judge, dono pakshon ke vakeel, litigants, gawaah aur ek court clerk chuniye.

(i) Anita aur Sameer. Anita ka paksh: unke paas Sameer jaisa hi ITI diploma hai, dono ek hi din factory mein aaye aur ek hi kaam karte hain, phir bhi unhe kam vetan milta hai; unhone boss se kai baar kaha. Barabar kaam ke liye mahila ko kam vetan dena kaanoon ke saamne samaanta (Article 14), ling ke aadhaar par bhedbhaav ki manaahi (Article 15) aur purushon aur mahilaon ke liye samaan kaam ke liye samaan vetan ke siddhaant (Article 39(d)) ke khilaaf hai. Factory ka paksh: wo daava kar sakti hai ki Sameer ke kaam, shift ya utpaadan alag hain, aur use ye record se saabit karna hoga. Judge kya dekhte hain: kya kaam hunar, mehnat aur zimmedaari mein ek jaisa hai; kya yogyata aur anubhav barabar hain; kya ling ke alaava koi aur kaaran hai; aur saboot, jaise niyukti patra, salary slip, duty chart aur saathi karmachaariyon ke bayaan, dono paksh sunne ke baad. Sambhaavit nateeja: agar kaam ek jaisa hai aur koi sahi kaaran nahi hai, to factory ko Anita ko barabar vetan dene aur chhoota hua antar chukaane ka aadesh milta hai, shaayad case ke kharche ke saath.

(ii) Pradooshit nadi. Gaon waale saboot jama kar sakte hain (paani chhodte hue factory ki tasveerein, sarkaari lab mein jaanche gaye paani ke namoone, health centre se beemaari ka record); gram sabha aur zila prashaasan mein mudda utha sakte hain; State Pollution Control Board se shikaayat kar sakte hain, jo factory ki jaanch karke bina saaf kiya gandaa paani chhodna rukwa sakta hai; aur agar kuch na badle, to National Green Tribunal ja sakte hain ya High Court mein Public Interest Litigation (Article 226) daayar kar sakte hain, kyonki jeevan ke adhikaar mein saaf paani shaamil hai, jaise M.C. Mehta ne Ganga ke liye kiya. Tab tak unhe surakshit peene ka paani istemaal karna chahiye. Judge saboot dekhte hain ki pradooshan factory se hua, sehat aur faslon ko nuksaan, factory ki anumatiyaan aur treatment plant, aur mazdooron ki naukri, aur factory ko apna gandaa paani saaf karne, tab tak paani chhodna rokne, aur nadi ki safaai aur nuksaan ka kharcha dene ka aadesh de sakte hain.

4. Apne rajya ke kisi pratishthit judge par nibandh. Ise paanch hisson mein likhiye: judge kaun the aur kahaan se the; unki padhaai aur shuruaati career; High Court ya Supreme Court judge ke roop mein unka kaam; mahatvapoorn faisle ya pehli baar kiye gaye kaam; aur wo aapko kyon prerit karte hain. Kerala ke liye misaal: Pathanamthitta ki Justice M. Fathima Beevi ne vakeel ke roop mein shuruaat ki, phir neeche ki adaalaton aur Kerala High Court mein judge ke roop mein kaam kiya, aur 1989 mein Bharat ke Supreme Court ki pehli mahila judge bani; baad mein wo Tamil Nadu ki Governor rahi. Unke career ne ucch nyaaypalika mein mahilaon ke liye raasta khola. Apne rajya ke liye apne High Court ki website par purane judges ki soochi dekhiye aur teacher se poochhiye.

5. Nyaayik vyavastha se jude kisi vyakti se baatcheet. Aap kisi judge, vakeel, court clerk, mediator, public prosecutor ya legal aid volunteer se mil sakte hain. Poochhiye: aapka ek din kaisa hota hai? Is kaam ki training kaise li? Sabse badi chunautiyaan kya hain, jaise case ki sankhya, deri aur tareekh par tareekh? Technology ne aapka kaam kaise badla? Aapko sabse zyada santosh kis baat se milta hai? Record karne se pehle anumati lijiye, aur gopaneeya case ki baatein mat poochhiye. Paanch-chhah slide mein prastut kijiye: aap kisse mile, unki bhoomika, ek aam din, chunautiyaan, santosh kis baat se milta hai, aur aapne kya seekha.