Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 4: The Role of the Judiciary in Our Society (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
The Role of the Judiciary in Our Society batata hai ki adaalatein nyaay kaise deti hain. Bharat mein ek ekikrit vyavastha hai: sabse upar Supreme Court, rajyon mein High Court aur zilon mein adheenasth adaalatein, saath mein khaas vivaadon ke liye tribunal. Adaalatein writ aur Public Interest Litigation se Maulik Adhikaaron ki raksha karti hain, aur vivaad arbitration, mediation aur Lok Adalat se bhi suljhaaye ja sakte hain.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Chapter Big Questions se shuru hota hai: nyaay ka matlab kya hai, shaant aur nishpaksh samaaj ke liye ye kyon zaroori hai, Bharat mein nyaaypalika kaise bani hai aur kya karti hai, aur vivaad suljhaane ke aur kaun se tareeke hain. Samvidhaan ki Preamble har naagrik ko saamaajik, aarthik aur raajnaitik nyaay ka vaada karti hai, aur nyaaypalika wo sanstha hai jo kaanoon ke hisaab se vivaadon ka nishpaksh faisla karti hai, taaki sab barabari aur samaan ke saath jee sakein.
Kaanoon aur nyaay
Jaise-jaise samaaj bade hue, vyavastha banaaye rakhne ka kaam sarkaaron ne liya, khaas kar kaanoon banaakar: saamaanya niyam jinke todne par parinaam hote hain, jurmaane ya muaavze se lekar jail tak. Nyaayik vyavastha mein koi bhi shikaayat kar sakta hai, aur doosre paksh ko bhi apni baat rakhne ka mauka milta hai. Kaanoon khud bhi anyaayi ho sakte hain. Aazaadi ke baad Bharat ne 1,500 se zyada colonial kaanoon khatm kiye, jaise Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, jo poore samudaayon ko janm se apraadhi maanta tha, aur Vernacular Press Act, 1878, jo Bharatiya bhashaon ke akhbaaron par roak lagaata tha. America ke Jim Crow kaanoon aur South Africa ke apartheid kaanoon bhi khatm kiye gaye.
Nyaay ke do pehlu hain. Saarbhoot nyaay poochhta hai ki nateeja nishpaksh hai ya nahi; prakriyaatmak nyaay faisle se pehle har vyakti ko poori sunvaai deta hai. Niyam ye hai ki doshi saabit hone tak har koi nirdosh maana jaata hai.
Bharat ki adaalatein
Bharat ki nyaayik vyavastha ekikrit hai aur seedhi jaisi hai: sabse upar Supreme Court, rajyon ke liye High Court aur zilon mein adheenasth adaalatein. Article 124 mein jiska praavdhaan hai, wo Supreme Court 26 January 1950 ko New Delhi mein shuru hua aur Samvidhaan ka antim vyaakhyaakaar hai. Ismein Chief Justice of India aur 33 aur judge hain, sabko President niyukt karte hain, aur ye 65 saal par retire hote hain. Iska aadarsh vaakya, yato dharmastato jayah, ka arth hai ‘jahaan dharma hai, wahaan vijay hai.’ Padhein: Bharat ki adaalatein.
Supreme Court ke adhikaar
Samvidhaan ke Part III ke Maulik Adhikaar laagu karaane ke liye naagrik seedhe Supreme Court (Article 32) ya High Court (Article 226) mein writ petition daayar kar sakte hain. Supreme Court ne Public Interest Litigation bhi shuru ki; pehli PIL Kapila Hingorani ki thi, jisne bahut lambe samay se band under-trial kaidiyon ko reha karaaya. Kendra aur rajyon ke beech ke vivaad sirf yahi sunta hai (Article 131), appeal sunta hai, President ko salaah deta hai (Article 143), special leave de sakta hai (Article 136), aur iska kaanoon Bharat ki har adaalat par laagu hota hai (Article 141). Padhein: Supreme Court ke adhikaar.
High Court aur adheenasth adaalatein
Article 214 har rajya ke liye ek High Court ki baat karta hai, par Bharat ke 28 rajyon ke 25 High Court hain kyonki kuch saajha hain, jaise Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram aur Arunachal Pradesh ke liye Gauhati High Court. High Court ke judge salaah-mashvire ke baad President niyukt karte hain aur ye 62 par retire hote hain. High Court writ jaari karta hai, appeal sunta hai aur apne kshetra ki sab adaalaton aur tribunalon ki dekhrekh karta hai. Iske neeche adheenasth adaalatein hain, District, Sessions, Revenue aur Small Causes courts, jahaan zyaadatar log nyaaypalika se milte hain.
Tribunal, naye kaanoon aur digital adaalatein
Vishesh, ardh-nyaayik tribunal khaas vivaad sambhaalte hain: upbhokta aayog, Central Administrative Tribunal, National Green Tribunal, National Company Law Tribunal aur doosre. 2023 mein teen naye kaanoonon ne Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure aur Indian Evidence Act ki jagah li. Adaalatein ab e-filing, hybrid sunvaai, live streaming, anuvaad kiye gaye faisle aur National Judicial Data Grid ka upyog karti hain, taaki litigant apne case khud dekh sakein.
Adaalat ke bahar vivaad suljhaana
Adaalaton ka bojh kam karne ke liye litigants ko protsaahit kiya jaata hai ki wo arbitration apnaayein, jismein swatantra arbitrator baadhya karne wala faisla dete hain; mediation, jismein nishpaksh mediator dono pakshon ko sahmat hone mein madad karte hain par faisla nahi karte; Lok Adalat, logon ki adaalatein jo case aapsi sahmati se suljhaati hain; aur Gram Nyayalaya, saral prakriya wali chalti-phirti gaon ki adaalatein. Padhein: vivaad suljhaane ke vaikalpik tareeke.
Aage badhne se pehle
Nyaaypalika vidhayika aur kaaryapalika se swatantra hai, aur dekhti hai ki kaanoon Samvidhaan ke daayre mein rahein. Har star par ye bahut saare case sambhaalti hai, aur naagrik logon, jaanvaron aur prakriti ke adhikaaron se jude mudde uthaakar iski madad karte hain. Har sawaal ka jawaab Part 2 Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Nyaaypalika (judiciary) | Sarkaar ki wo shaakha jo vidhayika aur kaaryapalika se swatantra hai aur kaanoon ke hisaab se vivaadon ka nishpaksh faisla karti hai. |
| Kaanoon (law) | Sarkaar ka banaaya saamaanya niyam jo logon ke kaamon ko niyantrit karta hai; todne par uske parinaam hote hain. |
| Saarbhoot nyaay (substantive justice) | Nateeje ka nyaay: kya faisla khud nishpaksh, nyaayasangat aur uchit hai. |
| Prakriyaatmak nyaay (procedural justice) | Prakriya ka nyaay: faisle se pehle har vyakti ko poori sunvaai milti hai. |
| Writ petition (writ yaachika) | Maulik Adhikaar laagu karaane ke liye Supreme Court (Article 32) ya High Court (Article 226) mein di gayi arzi. |
| Public Interest Litigation (janhit yaachika) | Janta ke, ya un logon ke adhikaaron ke liye daayar mukadma jo khud adaalat tak nahi pahunch sakte. |
| Mool kshetraadhikaar (original jurisdiction) | Kendra aur rajyon, ya rajyon ke beech ke vivaad sabse pehle aur akele sunne ka Supreme Court ka adhikaar. |
| Appeal ka kshetraadhikaar (appellate jurisdiction) | Neeche ki adaalaton ke faislon ke khilaaf appeal sunne ka adhikaar. |
| Salaahkaari kshetraadhikaar (advisory jurisdiction) | Zaroori sawaalon par President ko apni raay dene ka Supreme Court ka adhikaar (Article 143). |
| Adheenasth adaalatein (subordinate courts) | High Court se neeche ki adaalatein, jaise District, Sessions, Revenue aur Small Causes courts. |
| Tribunal | Kaanoon se bani sanstha jo ek tarah ke vivaad suljhaati hai, jaise upbhokta ya paryavaran ke maamle. |
| Litigant (mukadme ka paksh) | Mukadme mein shaamil vyakti, chaahe mukadma unhone kiya ho ya un par hua ho. |
| Arbitration aur mediation | Adaalat ke bahar vivaad suljhaane ke tareeke: arbitrator baadhya karne wala faisla dete hain; mediator sirf dono pakshon ko sahmat hone mein madad karte hain. |
| Lok Adalat | Logon ki adaalat jo vivaad aapsi sahmati se suljhaati hai, Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 ke tahat. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Bharat ka Supreme Court kab astitva mein aaya?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) 26 January 1950
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Maulik Adhikaaron ke liye naagrik kis Article ke tahat seedhe Supreme Court ja sakte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Article 32
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High Court ke judge kis umar mein retire hote hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 62
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Kendra aur kisi rajya ke beech ka vivaad Supreme Court kis kshetraadhikaar mein sunta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) mool (original)
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Paryavaran ke maamle kaun sa tribunal tay karta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) National Green Tribunal
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Vivaad suljhaane ke kis tareeke mein ek nishpaksh vyakti sirf dono pakshon ko sahmat hone mein madad karte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) mediation
Students ke sawal
Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 4 ke mukhya topic kya hain?
Nyaay aur kaanoon, jinmein khatm kiye gaye anyaayi kaanoon bhi hain; saarbhoot aur prakriyaatmak nyaay; Bharat mein adaalaton ki banaavat; Supreme Court, uske judge aur uske adhikaar; writ aur Public Interest Litigation; High Court aur adheenasth adaalatein; tribunal; naye aapraadhik kaanoon aur digital adaalatein; aur vivaad suljhaane ke vaikalpik tareeke.
Kya The Role of the Judiciary in Our Society naye NCERT Class 8 Social Science book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 8 Part 2 ka Chapter 4 hai, Governance and Democracy theme mein, pages 125 se 142 tak. Ye chapter maujooda edition mein dobara likha gaya hai, aur ye notes 2026 ki official file par aadhaarit hain.
Bharat mein nyaaypalika ki banaavat kaisi hai?
Ye ek ekikrit vyavastha hai. Sabse upar New Delhi mein Supreme Court hai, rajya ke star par High Court hain (25, kuch rajyon ke beech saajha), aur zila star par District aur Sessions court jaisi adheenasth adaalatein hain. Khaas tarah ke vivaadon ke liye vishesh tribunal hain.
Public Interest Litigation kya hai?
PIL mein koi vyakti ya samooh sirf apne case ke liye nahi, balki janta se jude mudde par Supreme Court (Article 32) ya High Court (Article 226) ja sakta hai. Supreme Court ne ise jeevan ke adhikaar ko asli arth dene ke liye shuru kiya; pehli PIL ne bahut lambe samay se band under-trial kaidiyon ko reha karaaya.
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