Bharat ki adaalatein: ek ekikrit vyavastha
Short mein jawab
Bharat ki adaalatein ek ekikrit vyavastha hain. Sabse upar Supreme Court hai: Chief Justice of India aur 33 judge, jo 65 par retire hote hain. Har rajya ka High Court hai, kul 25 kyonki kuch saajha hain; inke judge 62 par retire hote hain. Neeche District aur Sessions court jaisi adheenasth adaalatein hain, aur tribunal khaas vivaad sunte hain.
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Ek ekikrit vyavastha
Bharat mein poore desh ke liye ek hi nyaayik vyavastha hai, seedhi ki tarah. Sabse upar Supreme Court; rajya ke star par High Court; aur zila star par adheenasth adaalatein. Case aam taur par neeche se shuru hote hain, aur appeal upar ja sakti hai. Saath hi vishesh tribunal khaas tarah ke vivaad tay karte hain. Vyavastha ekikrit hai, isliye upar ki adaalat ka bataaya kaanoon neeche ki har adaalat ko raah dikhaata hai.
Supreme Court
Samvidhaan ke Article 124 ne Supreme Court banaaya, jo 26 January 1950 ko, jis din Samvidhaan laagu hua, astitva mein aaya. Ye New Delhi mein hai, desh ki sabse oonchi adaalat hai aur Samvidhaan ka antim vyaakhyaakaar hai. Iske pramukh ko Chief Justice of India kehte hain, aur aaj ismein 33 aur judge hain. Har judge ko Bharat ke President niyukt karte hain. Judge banne ke liye Bharat ka naagrik hona zaroori hai, saath mein paanch saal High Court judge, ya das saal High Court advocate, ya President ki raay mein pratishthit kaanoonvid hona. Supreme Court ke judge 65 par retire hote hain. Court ke logo par Sanskrit aadarsh vaakya likha hai, yato dharmastato jayah: ‘jahaan dharma hai, wahaan vijay hai.’
High Court
High Court kisi rajya ki sabse oonchi adaalat hai; Article 214 har rajya ke liye ek High Court ki baat karta hai. Bharat mein 28 rajya hain par 25 High Court, kyonki kuch ek se zyada rajya ya Union Territory ki seva karte hain. Jaise Bombay High Court Maharashtra, Goa aur Union Territory Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu ke liye hai, aur kai High Court ek se zyada shehron mein baithte hain, jinhe bench kehte hain.
High Court mein ek Chief Justice aur doosre judge hote hain, jinki sankhya rajya ke hisaab se badalti hai. Inhe President, Chief Justice of India, Governor aur us High Court ke Chief Justice se salaah karke niyukt karte hain. High Court judge banne ke liye Bharat ka naagrik hona aur das saal nyaayik pad par ya High Court advocate rehna zaroori hai (Article 217(2)), aur ye 62 par retire hote hain. Apne rajya mein High Court writ jaari karta hai (Article 226), neeche ki adaalaton aur kuch tribunalon ke faislon par appeal sunta hai, aur sab adaalaton aur tribunalon ki dekhrekh karta hai (Article 227).
Adheenasth adaalatein
Har High Court ke neeche adheenasth adaalaton ka jaal hai: District Courts, Sessions Courts, Revenue Courts, Small Causes Courts aur doosri. Article 233 se 237 inka sangathan tay karte hain aur inki swatantrata bachaate hain, aur har High Court ka kartavya hai ki inki garima aur imaandaari banaaye rakhe. District Judge ko Governor High Court se salaah karke niyukt karte hain. Ye logon ke sabse kareeb ki adaalatein hain, jahaan zyaadatar case shuru hote hain.
Tribunal
Vishesh tribunal alag kaanoonon ke tahat bane hain aur ardh-nyaayik hain: ye adaalat ki tarah kaam karte hain par ek hi tarah ke vivaad ke liye, aksar us kshetra ke visheshagyon ke saath. Upbhokta aayog upbhoktaon ki shikaayatein suljhaate hain, Central Administrative Tribunal sarkaari karmachaariyon ke seva ke maamle dekhta hai, National Green Tribunal paryavaran ke maamle, aur National Company Law Tribunal company ke vivaad aur insolvency ke maamle.
Aur padhein: Supreme Court ke adhikaar, vivaad suljhaane ke vaikalpik tareeke, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.
Practice karo
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Supreme Court ke judge kaun niyukt karte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Bharat ke President
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Punjab, Haryana aur Chandigarh kis High Court ke antargat aate hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Punjab and Haryana
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Rajya mein District Judge kaun niyukt karte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) High Court se salaah karke Governor
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Supreme Court ka judge kaun ban sakta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Bharat ka naagrik jo paanch saal High Court ka judge raha ho, ya das saal High Court mein advocate raha ho, ya President ki raay mein pratishthit kaanoonvid (distinguished jurist) ho.
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Adheenasth adaalatein itni zaroori kyon hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Yahin nyaaypalika logon ke sabse kareeb aati hai: zyaadatar case District, Sessions, Revenue ya Small Causes court mein shuru hote hain, isliye aam naagrikon ka nyaay ka anubhav inhi se banta hai.
Students ke sawal
Bharat mein adaalatein kaise vyavasthit hain?
Ek seedhi ki tarah: sabse upar Supreme Court, har rajya ya rajyon ke samooh ke liye ek High Court, aur har zile mein adheenasth adaalatein. Appeal aam taur par seedhi mein upar jaati hai, aur Supreme Court ka bataaya kaanoon neeche ki sab adaalaton par laagu hota hai.
Supreme Court mein kitne judge hain?
Iski maujooda kshamta 33 + 1 hai: Chief Justice of India aur 33 aur judge, sab Bharat ke President dwaara niyukt.
Tribunal kya hai?
Tribunal kisi khaas kaanoon ke tahat bani sanstha hai jo ek tarah ke vivaad suljhaati hai. Ye ardh-nyaayik hai, yaani us kshetra ke liye adaalat ki tarah kaam karti hai; jaise upbhokta aayog, National Green Tribunal aur Central Administrative Tribunal.
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