Supreme Court ke adhikaar

Maulik Adhikaaron ka rakshak

Samvidhaan ke Part III mein har naagrik ke Maulik Adhikaar likhe hain, jinmein samaanta, swatantrata, jeevan ka adhikaar, aur bolne aur dharm ki aazaadi shaamil hain. Inhe asli banaane ke liye Samvidhaan Supreme Court aur High Courts ko writ kshetraadhikaar deta hai. Jis naagrik ka adhikaar toota ho, wo seedhe Supreme Court mein Article 32 ke tahat writ petition daayar kar sakte hain, jab mudda poore desh ke liye maayne rakhe, ya us rajya ke andar ke ullanghan ke liye High Court mein Article 226 ke tahat.

Public Interest Litigation

Supreme Court ne Public Interest Litigation (PIL) shuru ki, jo Articles 32 aur 226 ke tahat laayi jaati hai, taaki janta se jude maamle uthaaye ja sakein aur jeevan ka adhikaar (Article 21) asli ban sake. Pehli reported PIL ek vakeel, Kapila Hingorani, ki thi. Unhone akhbaar mein padha ki Bihar mein kuch under-trial kaidi utne samay se zyada jail mein the jitni sazaa unhe doshi hone par bhi milti. Court ne unki rihaai ka aadesh diya aur guidelines jaari ki, jinse poore Bharat mein lagbhag 40,000 under-trial kaidi reha hue. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India mein Court ne Ganga ki safaai aur Taj Mahal ko pradooshan se bachaane ke mudde uthaaye, aur Vishaka and Others v. State of Rajasthan (1997) mein kaamkaaj ki jagah par yaun utpeedan ke khilaaf guidelines di, jiske baad 2013 mein kaanoon bana.

Mool, appeal aur salaahkaari kshetraadhikaar

• Mool kshetraadhikaar (Article 131): sirf Supreme Court Kendra aur ek ya zyada rajyon, ya rajyon ke beech ke kaanooni vivaad tay kar sakta hai, jaise nadi ke paani ke bantvaare par.
• Appeal ka kshetraadhikaar: Articles 132, 133 aur 134A ke tahat ye High Court ke antim aadeshon ke khilaaf appeal sunta hai, jab wo High Court pramaanit kare ki case mein Samvidhaan ki vyaakhya ka ya kaanoon ka koi bada sawaal hai. Ye maut ki sazaa wale, ya appeal ke laayak pramaanit, aapraadhik case bhi sunta hai (Articles 134 aur 134A). National Green Tribunal aur National Company Law Appellate Tribunal jaise tribunalon ki appeal bhi yahaan aati hai.
• Salaahkaari kshetraadhikaar (Article 143): agar President kisi zaroori kaanooni ya tathya ke sawaal par iski raay maangte hain, to kam se kam paanch judge ki Constitution Bench raay deti hai.

Special leave aur poora nyaay

Article 136 ke tahat Court ke paas ek asaadhaaran adhikaar hai: ye Bharat ki kisi bhi adaalat ya tribunal ke faisle ya aadesh ke khilaaf appeal ki special leave de sakta hai, jab koi mahatvapoorn kaanooni sawaal ho ya pakshon ke beech nyaay karna ho. Iska bataaya kaanoon Bharat ki sab adaalaton par laagu hota hai (Article 141). Ye poora nyaay karne ke liye koi bhi zaroori aadesh de sakta hai (Article 142), aur sab civil aur nyaayik adhikaariyon ko iski madad karni hoti hai (Article 144).

Ye adhikaar kyon zaroori hain

Ye adhikaar milkar Supreme Court ko Samvidhaan ka antim vyaakhyaakaar banaate hain, jo dekh sakta hai ki vidhayika ke kaanoon Samvidhaan ke daayre mein rahein aur kaaryapalika apni seema na laanghe. Ye aam naagrikon ko, yahaan tak ki Kapila Hingorani jaise akhbaar padhne waalon ko bhi, anyaay ko Court ki nazar mein laane dete hain.

Aur padhein: Bharat ki adaalatein, vivaad suljhaane ke vaikalpik tareeke, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.