NCERT Solutions Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 5: Citizenship: Rights and Duties (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Grade 8 Part 2, ke Chapter 5, Citizenship: Rights and Duties, ke Big Questions, har Let’s Explore, Think About It aur Don’t Miss Out box, aur saare das Questions and activities ke jawaab. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 143–166). Chhote notes: Part 2 Chapter 5 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 143)

1. Sirf kaanooni roop se nahi, roz ki zindagi mein naagrik hone ka kya matlab hai? Kaanooni roop se naagrik desh ka sadasya hai jo uske faislon mein hissa le sakta hai. Roz ki zindagi mein iska matlab hai saajhe moolyon par chalna: kaanoon maanna, tax dena, aas-paas saaf rakhna, doosron ki madad karna, anyaay ke khilaaf khade hona, aur Kruti jaise logon ko apnapan mehsoos karaana.

2. Adhikaar aur kartavya dono kyon zaroori hain? Adhikaar har vyakti ko garima se jeene dete hain aur taakat ke galat istemaal se bachaate hain. Kartavya pakka karte hain ki hum apni aazaadi se doosron ko nuksaan na pahunchaayein. Agar sab adhikaar maangein par kartavya bhool jaayein, to logon ke adhikaar aapas mein takraayenge aur kisi ke adhikaar surakshit nahi rahenge.

3. Nishpaksh, samaanjanak aur samaaveshi samaaj banaane mein hum kaise madad kar sakte hain? Apne adhikaar jaankar unka sahi raaste se upyog karke, apne kartavya nibhaakar, bhedbhaav na karke, jab doosre baahar kiye jaayein tab bolkar, aur ramp, kai bhashaon aur dhairya bhare group work jaise kadam uthaakar, taaki sab hissa le sakein.

Chapter ke box (pages 144–163)

Samaanta aur samata (pages 148–149). Pehli tasveer mein sabko ek jaisi madad milti hai, par sabse chhota phir bhi nahi dekh paata; doosri mein madad zaroorat waalon ko milti hai, aur sab dekh paate hain. Yahi samata hai. Aur misaalein: gareeb parivaaron ke vidyaarthiyon ke liye scholarship, schoolon mein mid-day meal, ramp aur braille kitaabein, Right to Education Act ke tahat private schoolon mein kamzor varg ke bachchon ke liye seatein, aur kuch rajyon mein ladkiyon ko cycle.

Sports Day ki uniform (page 149). Haan, vidyaarthi charcha mein shaanti se apni chinta rakhkar bolne ki aazaadi ka upyog kar rahe the. Ise principal ya student council ko sujhaav ke saath likhkar bhi rakha ja sakta tha, jaise Sports Day ke liye sports kit. School ko sunna chahiye, niyamon ki wajah samjhaani chahiye aur jahaan maang sahi ho wahaan niyam badalne chahiye, jabki vidyaarthi niyam badalne tak use maante rahein.

Nadiyon ke adhikaar (page 150). Prakriti ko kaanooni adhikaar dene ka matlab hai ki nadi ya jungle ki taraf se unke sanrakshak adaalat ja sakte hain, isliye use nuksaan pahunchaana sirf logon ka nuksaan nahi, ek kaanooni galti ban jaata hai. Ye prakriti ko jeevit maanta hai aur pradooshan karne waalon ko jawaabdeh banaata hai, jisse paryavaran bachaane mein madad mil sakti hai.

School ki jagah kaam karta bachcha (page 152). Ek kadam: kisi teacher ya principal ko bataaiye, ya Childline 1098 par call kijiye. Akele maalik se mat uljhiye; 2015 wali team jaise trained log surakshit tareeke se madad kar sakte hain.

Adhikaaron ki raksha ka raasta kyon zaroori hai? (page 153). Upchaar ke bina adhikaar sirf kaagaz par vaade rehte. Article 32 ke tahat jiske adhikaar toote, sarkaar ke haathon bhi, wo Supreme Court ja sakta hai, jo ullanghan rokne ka aadesh de sakta hai. Isiliye Dr Ambedkar ne ise Samvidhaan ka hriday aur aatma kaha.

Shiksha ke adhikaar se mel khaata kartavya (page 159). Niyamit school jaana, mann se seekhna, teachers ka samaan karna aur doosron ko seekhne mein madad karna; aur maata-pita aur abhibhaavakon ke liye gyaarahvaan kartavya, 6 se 14 saal ke bachchon ko school bhejna.

Kaun sa adhikaar ya kartavya juda hai? (pages 159–160). Ravi: uski abhivyakti ki aazaadi mein protest mein na judna bhi shaamil hai, aur doosron ka kartavya hai uski raay ka samaan karna. Rukmini: uske saanskritik adhikaar, aur sabka sauhaard badhaane aur vividhta ka samaan karne ka kartavya. Wrappers: aas-paas saaf rakhne aur paryavaran bachaane ka kartavya. Voting app: hissa lene ka adhikaar, door ke ilaakon ke vidyaarthiyon ke samaavesh ke saath. Kya hum kartavya nibhaaye bina adhikaar maang sakte hain? Nahi: hamare kartavya doosron ke adhikaar bachaate hain, jaise unke kartavya hamare.

Rohan aur Mina (page 162). Rohan ke roop-rang ko lekar khula, dikhne wala bhedbhaav hai; Mina ke parivaar ki aarthik sthiti ko lekar chhupa bhedbhaav hai. Kisi bhi group mein hon to sahi kadam: usme shaamil na hona, bolna, unhe khel ya yojna mein shaamil karna, aur jaari rehne par teacher ko bataana. Khud bhedbhaav jhelne par kisi bharose wale se baat kijiye aur di gayi chhaap ko sweekaar mat kijiye.

Alag tarah se seekhne wala sahpaathi (page 163). Dhairya rakhiye, saaf samjhaaiye, unhe koi kaam dijiye aur dhyaan rakhiye ki unhe bolne ki baari mile. Class ko zyada samaaveshi banaane ke liye: mile-jule group, zaroorat par zyada samay, aur koi mazaak nahi.

Fig. 5.14 aur Fig. 5.3 ki tulna (page 163). Fig. 5.3 mein deewar bani rehti hai, aur sawaal ye hai ki box kaise baantein. Fig. 5.14 mein deewar hai hi nahi, isliye sab bina kisi madad ke cricket match dekh rahe hain. Rukaavat hi hata dena samaavesh hai; Fig. 5.15 yahi baat ek aise playground mein dikhaata hai jahaan wheelchair wala bachcha bhi khel sakta hai.

Questions and activities (pages 165–166)

1. Doosron ke dharm ka samaan kyon zaroori hai? Dharmik swatantrata har vyakti ka Maulik Adhikaar hai, aur Bharat mein kai dharm hain. Samaan se sauhaard aur ekta bani rehti hai, jo ek Maulik Kartavya bhi hai, aur sarkaar ki nazar mein sab dharm barabar rehte hain, jaise hum chaahte hain ki hamari aastha ka bhi samaan ho.

2. Agar aapko kisi cheez se baahar rakha jaaye to kaisa lagega? Dukh, akelaapan aur kam aatmavishvaas, shaayad gussa, aur phir se koshish karne ka mann na hona. Ye ehsaas yaad rakhna ek wajah hai ki hum dekhein kab doosre baahar rakhe ja rahe hain aur unhe shaamil karein, jaise Sonali aur Harshada ne Kruti ke liye kiya.

3. Agar Samvidhaan adhikaaron ka vaada karta hai, to bhedbhaav ab bhi kyon hai? Purani dhaarnaayein aur aadatein dheere badalti hain; kai log apne adhikaar nahi jaante ya aasaani se adaalat nahi ja sakte; chhupa bhedbhaav saabit karna mushkil hai; aur kuch log kaanoon ki parwaah nahi karte. Kaanoon zaroori hain, par soch aur roz ka vyavhaar bhi badalna chahiye.

4. Kya adhikaar aur kartavya mein takraav ho sakta hai? Haan. Bolne ki aazaadi sauhaard badhaane ke kartavya se takra sakti hai, agar bhaashan kisi doosre dharm ka apmaan kare; protest ka adhikaar saarvajanik sampatti bachaane ke kartavya se takra sakta hai, agar protest hinsak ho jaaye. Uchit pratibandh aur doosron ka samaan inmein santulan laate hain.

5. Vividhta ka samaan loktantra ko kaise mazboot karta hai? Jab har bhasha, dharm aur sanskriti ka samaan hota hai, to sab samooh apnapan mehsoos karte hain aur hissa lete hain. Zyada aawaazein suni jaati hain, faislon mein kai vichaar jhalakte hain, takraav ghatte hain, aur anekta mein ekta badhti hai.

6. Kya technology naagrikta ko aasaan banaati hai ya mushkil? Dono. Adhikaaron ke baare mein jaanna, adhikaariyon tak pahunchna, petition par sign karna aur door se hissa lena aasaan hai, jaise mock parliament ka voting app. Mushkil isliye ki jhoothi khabrein, online bullying aur nafrat bhare post hain, aur sabke paas phone ya internet nahi. Achhe digital naagrik tathya jaanchte hain, samaan se post karte hain aur doosron ko pahunch dilaane mein madad karte hain.

7. Agar sab adhikaar lein par kartavya bhool jaayein? Sadkein gandi hongi, saarvajanik sampatti tooti hogi, tax nahi bharega aur sevaayein dhah jaayengi, bachche shaayad school na bheje jaayein, aur prakriti ko nuksaan hoga. Logon ki aazaadiyaan bina samaan ke takraayengi, isliye aakhir mein kisi ke adhikaar surakshit nahi rahenge.

8. Vidyaarthi samaavesh kaise apna sakte hain? Naye ya akele pade sahpaathiyon ko saath baithne aur khelne bulaaiye; mile-jule group banaaiye; sahpaathiyon ki bhasha ke kuch shabd seekhiye; viklaang sahpaathiyon ke saath dhairya rakhiye aur madad kijiye; saare tyohaar manaaiye; aur mazaak udta dekhein to rokiye.

9. Kya kiya ja sakta hai?

(a) Head teacher ke saamne ye baat rakhiye, samaanta ke adhikaar aur ling ke aadhaar par bhedbhaav ki manaahi (Article 15) ka hawaala dekar; school management ya zila shiksha daftar ko likhiye; aur kuch na badle to adhikaariyon ya adaalat tak jaaiye. (b) Kisi teacher ko bataaiye ya Childline 1098 par call kijiye: baal mazdoori, khaas kar khatarnaak kaam, par roak hai (Articles 23 aur 24), aur 6 se 14 saal ki padhaai ek adhikaar hai (Article 21A). Phir sahpaathi ki padhaai mein madad kijiye.

10. Class charter. Class ke adhikaar aur kartavya likhiye, samaavesh ke aur bhedbhaav ke khilaaf niyam jodiye, milkar unpar sahmati banaaiye, charter par sign kijiye aur use deewar par lagaaiye.