Class 8 Social Science Part 2 Chapter 5: Citizenship: Rights and Duties (Hinglish Notes)

Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?

Big Questions poochhte hain ki roz ki zindagi mein naagrik hone ka kya matlab hai, sirf kaanooni roop se nahi; adhikaar aur kartavya dono kyon zaroori hain; aur hum aisa samaaj kaise banaayein jo sabke liye nishpaksh, samaanjanak aur swaagat karne wala ho. Chapter Kruti se shuru hota hai, ek nayi vidyaarthi jiska uske lehje ke liye mazaak udaaya gaya, aur do sahpaathiyon se jinhone mazaak rukwaaya aur use apni badminton team mein bulaaya: kaam karti hui achhi naagrikta.

Naagrik kaun hai?

Naagrik kaanooni roop se kisi desh aur uske raajnaitik samudaay ka sadasya hai aur uske faislon mein hissa le sakta hai. Loktantra mein naagrikta adhikaar laati hai, jaise vote aur bolne ki aazaadi, aur kartavya, jaise kaanoon maanna aur tax dena. Ye desh se kaanooni rishta bhi hai aur samaaj ke prati zimmedaari bhi. Sirf kahin rehne se koi nivaasi banta hai. Bharat mein do kaanoon, Citizenship Act, 1955 aur Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, tay karte hain ki naagrikta kaise milti ya chhinti hai. Padhein: naagrik kaun hai?.

Adhikaar

Adhikaar wo cheezein hain jo har vyakti ko garima, suraksha aur samaan bhari zindagi ke liye chahiye, jaise shiksha, rozi-roti aur vichaar rakhne ki aazaadi; jo doosron ko nuksaan pahunchaaye wo adhikaar nahi ho sakta. Samvidhaan chhah Maulik Adhikaar deta hai: samaanta, swatantrata, shoshan ke viruddh, dharmik swatantrata, saanskritik aur shaikshik adhikaar, aur samvaidhaanik upchaar. Ye logon ko doosron aur sarkaar ke anuchit vyavhaar se bachaate hain aur adaalat mein laagu karaaye ja sakte hain. Padhein: Maulik adhikaar aur kartavya.

Samaanta aur samata

Sabko bilkul ek jaisa dene par bhi kuch log peechhe reh sakte hain, antar ya purane bhedbhaav ki wajah se. Samata har vyakti ko utni madad deti hai jitni use chahiye. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao jaise abhiyaan isi soch se ladkiyon ki padhaai ko sahaara dete hain.

Maulik Kartavya

Jab Green Park Colony ke logon ne park saaf kiya, paudhe lagaaye aur galiyon ke kutton ko khaana diya, to ek chhoti bachchi ne kaha: “Apne mohalle ki dekhbhaal karna hamara kartavya hai.” 1950 mein Samvidhaan mein koi kartavya nahi the; 1976 mein Article 51A mein das Maulik Kartavya jode gaye, aur 2002 mein gyaarahvaan, 6 se 14 saal ke bachchon ki padhaai ke baare mein.

Adhikaar aur kartavya saath-saath

Adhikaar aur kartavya ek hi sikke ke do pehlu hain: agar mujhe sune jaane ka adhikaar hai, to mera kartavya hai sunna. Adhikaar kaanoon se surakshit hain, sarkaar ke khilaaf bhi; kartavya naitik aur saamaajik zimmedaariyaan hain, aur unhe nibhaane se sabke adhikaar surakshit rehte hain.

Bhedbhaav aur samaavesh

Bhedbhaav kisi ke saath jaati, dharm, nasl, viklaangta, roop-rang, ling, kaamukta ya aarthik sthiti ki wajah se bura vyavhaar hai. Ye anaitik hai aur kaanoonan mana hai, aur ye khula ho sakta hai, jaise saamne mazaak udaana, ya chhupa, jaise chupchaap kisi ko alag kar dena. Samaavesh ka matlab hai ki har koi swaagat aur mahatva mehsoos kare aur sabko barabar mauke milein: braille kitaabein, ramp, kai bhashaayein aur group work mein dhairya. Padhein: bhedbhaav aur samaavesh.

Aage badhne se pehle

Sakriya naagrik apne adhikaaron ka upyog karte hain aur doosron ke adhikaaron ka samaan karte hain, anyaay ke khilaaf bolte hain aur sabko shaamil mehsoos karaate hain. Jab sab hissa le paate hain to loktantra mazboot hota hai. Har sawaal ka jawaab Part 2 Chapter 5 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.