Maulik Adhikaar aur Maulik Kartavya

Adhikaar kya hota hai?

Adhikaar wo daave hain jo hum insaan aur samaaj ke sadasya ke roop mein uchit roop se kar sakte hain: wo cheezein jo garima, suraksha aur samaan bhare jeevan ke liye zaroori hain, jaise padhaai, rozi-roti ya apni raay rakhne ki aazaadi. Kuch chaahne se wo adhikaar nahi ban jaata, aur jo hamein ya doosron ko nuksaan pahunchaaye wo adhikaar nahi ho sakta. Asli adhikaar sabki bhalaai aur garima ko sahaara dete hain, isliye unhe uchit daave kaha jaata hai.

Chhah Maulik Adhikaar

Samvidhaan chhah samoohon mein Maulik Adhikaar deta hai. Ye logon ko doosron ke aur sarkaar ke anuchit vyavhaar se bachaate hain, aur adaalat mein laagu karaaye ja sakte hain.

• Samaanta (Articles 14 se 18): kaanoon ke saamne barabar vyavhaar, naukri aur padhaai mein barabar mauke, jaati, dharm, nasl, ling ya janm-sthaan se koi bhedbhaav nahi, chhuachhoot ka ant, aur sena ya shiksha ke sammaan ke alaava koi khaas khitaab nahi.
• Swatantrata (Articles 19 se 22): apni baat rakhne, kahin bhi aane-jaane aur jeene-kamaane ka tareeka chunne ki aazaadi, uchit pratibandhon ke saath. Jeevan ka adhikaar garima se jeena hai, jismein rozi-roti, padhaai, sehat aur saaf paryavaran, aur viklaang bachchon ko sahaara shaamil hai.
• Shoshan ke viruddh (Articles 23 aur 24): bandhua mazdoori, taskari ya zabardasti kaam nahi; 14 saal se kam ke bachchon se naukri nahi, haalaanki wo chhuttiyon mein ya school ke baad gair-khatarnaak parivaarik kaam mein haath bata sakte hain.
• Dharmik swatantrata (Articles 25 se 28): har koi dharm chun, maan aur faila sakta hai, kisi ko koi dharm maanne ya uske liye paisa dene par majboor nahi kiya ja sakta, aur sarkaari school kisi dharm ka prachaar nahi karte.
• Saanskritik aur shaikshik adhikaar (Articles 29 aur 30): samudaay apni bhasha, lipi aur reeti-rivaaz zinda rakh sakte hain, aur alpsankhyak apne school chala sakte hain.
• Samvaidhaanik upchaar (Article 32): in adhikaaron ke tootne par naagrik Supreme Court ja sakte hain. Dr B.R. Ambedkar ne ise Samvidhaan ki aatma aur hriday kaha.

Bachchon ki raksha

Bachche khaas taur par kamzor hain: wo suraksha ke liye badon par nirbhar hain aur shaayad apne adhikaar ya madad paane ka raasta na jaante hon. Childline 1098, jo 1990 ke dashak ke ant mein ek shaikshik sanstha ke project ke roop mein shuru hui, ab raashtriya helpline hai; 2015 mein ise ki gayi ek call se 20 bachchon ko bachaaya gaya jinse ek tang kamre mein zabardasti kapdon par kadhaai karaayi ja rahi thi.

Kuch desh prakriti ko bhi adhikaar dete hain: New Zealand Whanganui nadi ko jeevit praani maanta hai. 2017 mein Uttarakhand High Court ne Ganga aur Yamuna ko jeevit vyakti ke adhikaar diye, par Supreme Court ne wo faisla palat diya.

Maulik Kartavya

Adhikaaron ke saath Samvidhaan ye bhi batata hai ki zimmedaar naagrikon ko kya karna chahiye. Ye Maulik Kartavya 1950 ke mool Samvidhaan mein nahi the. 1976 mein ek sanshodhan ne Article 51A (Part IV-A) mein das kartavya jode, aur 2002 mein gyaarahvaan joda gaya: maata-pita aur abhibhaavak dhyaan rakhein ki 6 se 14 saal ke bachche padhein.

Kartavya kehte hain ki hum Samvidhaan, dhwaj aur raashtragaan ka samaan karein; aazaadi ki ladaai ke aadarsh apnaayein; desh ki ekta bachaayein; desh ki raksha karein aur aapda mein madad karein; sauhaard badhaayein aur mahilaon ka samaan karein; apni virasat sambhaalein; paryavaran bachaayein aur jaanvaron par daya karein; vaigyanik soch viksit karein; saarvajanik sampatti bachaayein aur hinsa se door rahein; har kaam mein utkrishtata ki koshish karein; aur 6 se 14 saal ke bachchon ko padhaayein.

Adhikaar aur kartavya saath-saath

Adhikaar aur kartavya saathi hain: adhikaar hamein garima se jeene dete hain, aur kartavya hamein aazaadi ka laaparwaah istemaal karne se rokte hain. Adhikaar kaanoon se surakshit hain, jabki kartavya naitik aur saamaajik zimmedaariyaan hain. Purane Bharatiya vichaar bhi aisi hi baat kehte hain: dharma, jise aksar kartavya kaha jaata hai, aur rina, yaani devataon, poorvajon, guruon, saathi insaanon aur prakriti ka hum par karz.

Aur padhein: naagrik kaun hai?, bhedbhaav aur samaavesh, chapter ke notes aur NCERT solutions.