Class 6 Maths Chapter 4: Data Handling and Presentation (Hinglish Notes)

Data kya hai?

Classmates se unka pasandeeda rang poochho to rangon ki list milti hai; har student ka wazan naapo to wazan ki list milti hai. Tathyon, sankhyaaon, naap, observations ya cheezon ke varnan ka koi bhi sangrah jo unke baare mein jaankaari de, data kehlaata hai. Hum jaankaari ke yug mein jeete hain, aur ye chapter data ko saaf dikhaane aur usse sahi nateeje nikaalne ke baare mein hai.

Har sawaal ke liye data ikattha nahi karna padta. ‘Meri class ka sabse pasandeeda TV show kaunsa hai?’ ke liye data chahiye; ‘India ki rajdhaani kya hai?’ ke liye nahi.

Data ikattha aur vyavasthit karna

Navya aur Naresh apni class ka sabse pasandeeda khel jaanna chaahte hain. Wo har student se poochhkar 31 naam aur khelon ki list likhte hain, par sirf list se jawab nahi dikhta. Tally marks waali table mein rakhne se dikhta hai: har student ke liye ek lakeer, aur har paanchvi lakeer pehli chaar ke aar-paar. Har khel ki ginti uski frequency hai. 8 ke saath hockey sabse pasandeeda hai. Aur padho tally marks kaise banayein mein.

Shri Nilesh tally marks se pata karte hain ki kitne bachche kaunsi mithaai chaahte hain: jalebi 6, gulab jamun 9, gujiya 13, barfi 3 aur rasgulla 7. Sushri Sandhya apne students ke joote ke size badhte kram mein rakhti hain, jisse aasaani se dikhta hai ki sabse bada size 7, sabse chhota 3, aur 10 students size 5 pehente hain.

Pictographs

Pictograph chitron ya symbols se data dikhaata hai, taaki ek nazar mein tulna ho sake. Key batati hai ki ek symbol kitne ke barabar hai: ek smiley = 1 student, ya ek symbol = 10 bachche. Badi sankhyaaon mein ek symbol kai cheezon ke barabar ho sakta hai, aur aadha symbol uska aadha dikha sakta hai. 33 ya 27 jaisi values, jo key ke multiples nahi, theek-theek dikhaana mushkil hai. Aur padho pictograph kya hai mein.

Bar graphs

Data bada ho to chitra banaane mein bahut samay lagta hai. Bar graph mein barabar chaudaai ki bars barabar doori pe hoti hain, aur har bar ki lambaai ya oonchaai value batati hai. Lakhanpal ka gairhaazir students ka bar graph ek nazar mein dikhaata hai ki Class 8 mein sabse zyada gairhaazir the aur Class 5 mein koi nahi. Delhi ki traffic study sabse vyast ghanta, subah 7 se 8, 1,200 gaadiyon ke saath dikhaati hai. India ki aabaadi 1951 ke 36 crore se 2001 mein 102 crore hui, 50 saal mein 66 crore ki badhat.

Bar graph banaana

1. Ek leti aur ek khadi line kheencho.
2. Ek line pe categories barabar doori pe likho, aur doosri pe values.
3. Scale chuno: ek unit lambaai kitni cheezon ke barabar ho, taaki graph fit ho; nishaan zero se shuru karo.
4. Barabar chaudaai aur barabar doori ki bars banao, har ek scale pe apni value jitni lambi.

Shri Nilesh ki mithaaiyon ke liye 1 unit = 1 student chalta hai; Smriti ke runs (0 se 100) ke liye 1 unit = 10 runs; Imran ke parivaar ke kharchon ke liye 1 unit = ₹200, isliye khaane ke ₹3,400 ko 17 unit chahiye. Aur padho bar graph kaise banayein mein.

Data ko achhe se dikhaana

Upar ki taraf naapi oonchaai, jaise har mahaadweep ka sabse ooncha pahaad, khadi bars, yaani column graph, se sabse sahaj dikhti hai; zameen ke saath ki lambaai, jaise nadiyon ki lambaai, leti bars se. Infographics dhyaan kheenchne ke liye graph mein kalaatmak chitra jodte hain, par gumraah bhi kar sakte hain: agar oonche pahaad chaude bhi bana diye jaayein, to wo asal se bade lagte hain. Everest (8,848 m), Elbrus (5,642 m) ka dugna ooncha nahi hai, kyunki 5,642 × 2 = 11,284.

Har sawaal ke jawab Chapter 4 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.