Deficiency diseases kya hain?

Deficiency disease kya hai?

Hamein roz phal, sabziyan aur doosre paudhon ke khaane khaane ko kyun kaha jaata hai? Inme vitamins aur minerals bharpoor hote hain, yaani wo protective nutrients jo shareer ko swasth rakhte hain. Ye kam maatra mein chahiye, par jab khaane mein ek ya zyada nutrients lambe samay tak na hon, to shareer mein deficiency disease ya disorder ke lakshan dikhte hain. Chapter ise do sacche kisson se samjhaata hai.

Kissa 1: naavik aur scurvy

Pehle ke zamaane mein lambi samudri yaatraon pe naavikon ke masoodon se aksar khoon aata tha aur sujan hoti thi. 1746 ki ek yaatra mein Scottish doctor James Lind ne dekha ki jo naavik nimbu aur santre khaate the, wo theek ho gaye. Masoodon se khoon aur sujan scurvy ke lakshan hain, jo vitamin C ki kami se hota hai. Nimbu aur santre jaise khatte phalon mein vitamin C hota hai, jo is bimaari ko theek karne mein madad karta hai.

Kissa 2: goitre aur iodised salt

1960 ke dashak mein Indian scientists ne paaya ki Himalayan ilaake aur uttari maidaanon ke logon mein gardan ke aage sujan aam thi. In ilaakon ki mitti mein iodine kam tha, isliye wahan ke khaane aur paani mein bhi kam tha. Sarkaari niyamon ke hisaab se saadhaaran namak mein iodine milaakar iodised salt banaaya gaya, aur iske istemaal se lakshan kaafi kam hue. Gardan ke aage sujan goitre ka lakshan hai.

Iodised salt bas saadhaaran namak hai jisme iodine ke salts zaroori maatra mein milaaye gaye hain. Namak khud samudra aur chattaanon se aata hai: Gujarat ke Little Rann of Kutch ka Agariya samudaay registaan ki tez garmi mein aath mahine mehnat karke samudri paani se namak nikaalta hai (dekho evaporation se namak alag karna).

Vitamins aur minerals ka chart

Book ka chart (Fig. 3.5) protective nutrients, unke kaam, kuch srot, aur unki kami se kya hota hai, ye sab batata hai.

Nutrient	Kya karta hai	Kuch srot	Bimaari ya disorder	Lakshan
Vitamin A	Aankhon aur twacha ko swasth rakhta hai	Papeeta, gaajar, aam, doodh	Nazar ka jaana	Kamzor nazar, andhere mein na dikhna (night blindness), kabhi poori nazar jaana
Vitamin B1	Dil ko swasth rakhta hai, shareer ke kaamon mein madad	Legumes, nuts, saabut anaaj, beej, doodh se bani cheezein	Beriberi	Sujan, pairon aur haathon mein jhunjhunahat ya jalan, saans mein dikkat
Vitamin C	Shareer ko bimaariyon se ladne mein madad	Amla, amrood, hari mirch, santra, nimbu	Scurvy	Masoodon se khoon, ghaav der se bharna
Vitamin D	Haddiyon aur daanton ke liye calcium sokhne mein madad	Dhoop, doodh, makkhan, machhli, ande	Rickets	Naram aur tedhi haddiyan
Calcium	Haddiyon aur daanton ko swasth rakhta hai	Doodh ya soya doodh, dahi, cheese, paneer	Haddi aur daant ki kharaabi	Kamzor haddiyan, daanton mein sadan
Iodine	Shaareerik aur maansik kaamon mein madad	Samudri ghaas (seaweed), singhada, iodised salt	Goitre	Gardan ke aage sujan
Iron	Khoon ka zaroori hissa	Hari pattedaar sabziyan, chukandar, anaar	Anaemia	Kamzori, saans phoolna

Kami kaise door karein?

• Balanced diet khao: roz doodh, hari sabziyan, phal aur saabut anaaj (dekho balanced diet kya hai).
• Kuch kacche phal aur sabziyan khao. Pakaate samay tez aanch se kuch vitamin C nasht hota hai, aur kati ya chhili sabziyan dhone se kuch vitamins beh jaate hain, isliye kaatne se pehle achhi tarah dho lo.
• Iodised salt use karo taaki kaafi iodine mile.
• Thodi der dhoop mein raho: twacha pe dhoop lagne se shareer vitamin D banaata hai.
• Lakshan dikhein to doctor ko dikhao. Doctor khaane mein badlaav aur zaroorat ho to supplements ki salaah de sakte hain.

Survey: Activity 3.4

Activity 3.4 mein tum chart padhte ho, vitamins aur minerals ke aur srot dhoondhte ho, aur teacher ki dekh-rekh mein mohalle ke logon se baat karte ho. Agar kisi mein chart ka koi lakshan dikhe, to use unke khaane se jodo, sambhav kaaran aur khaane mein madadgaar badlaav sujhaao, aur doctor ke paas jaane ki salaah do.

Kami se ladne waale ek scientist

Coluthur Gopalan (1918–2019) ne India mein nutrition research shuru ki. Unhone 500 se zyada Indian khaanon ki poshan maatra jaanchi aur Indians ke liye sahi aahaar sujhaaya. Unke surveys mein protein, energy aur doosre components ki vyaapak kami mili. Isse 2002 mein Mid Day Meal Programme laagu hua, jo ab PM POSHAN ka hissa hai aur sarkaari aur sarkaari-sahaayata praapt schools mein balanced khaana deta hai; isse laakhon bachchon ki sehat aur poshan behtar hua.

Har nutrient kya karta hai, ye jaanne ke liye padho food ke components. Textbook ke sawaalon ke liye dekho Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 3 ke notes.