Latitude aur longitude kya hai?
Short mein jawab
Latitude aur longitude kalpanik lines hain jo globe par grid banaati hain. Latitude batata hai ki jagah Equator se kitni north ya south hai, 0° se 90° tak. Longitude batata hai ki wo Greenwich ke Prime Meridian se kitni east ya west hai, 0° se 180° tak. Dono milkar har jagah ko do coordinates dete hain.
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Do values se jagah tay
Socho tum dost ko bade market mein “entrance se 5th line ki 7th dukaan” par milne ko kehte ho. Ye do numbers dost ko theek dukaan tak pahuncha dete hain. Chessboard bhi aise hi kaam karta hai: uske columns ke naam a se h aur rows ke 1 se 8 hain, isliye har khaane ka naam hai. Jab White rani ke pyaade ko do khaane aage badhaakar khel shuru karta hai, to likhte hain ki pyaada d2 se d4 gaya.
Aise tareeke ko system of coordinates kehte hain. Maps bhi ek aisa system use karte hain, jo globe par kalpanik lines ke do set se banta hai: latitude aur longitude.
Latitude: Equator se doori
Globe ghumao: upar aur neeche ke do sthir points North Pole aur South Pole hain. Inke theek beech Equator hai.
Equator se kisi pole ki taraf chalo to Equator se tumhaari doori badhti hai. Latitude yahi doori naapta hai. Kisi bhi point par Equator ke parallel east aur west chalti ek kalpanik line kheench sakte ho. Ise parallel of latitude kehte hain, aur ye Prithvi ke chaaron or ek ghera banaati hai.
Latitude degrees mein naapa jaata hai. Equator 0° hai; poles 90°N aur 90°S hain. Equator sabse bada ghera hai, aur parallels poles ki taraf chhote hote jaate hain.
Latitude ka mausam se rishta hai. Equator ke paas aam taur par garmi hoti hai, yaani ‘torrid’. Latitude badhne par mausam sam, yaani ‘temperate’, ho jaata hai, aur poles ke paas thanda, yaani ‘frigid’.
Longitude: Prime Meridian se doori
Ab North Pole se South Pole tak sabse chhote raaste se chalo. Europe aur Africa se ja sakte ho, ya Asia se; doori ek hi hai. Pole se pole tak ki ye sabse chhoti lines meridians of longitude hain, sab barabar lambaai ke aadhe ghere.
Longitude naapne ke liye ek shuruaati line chahiye. 1884 mein deshon ne tay kiya ki London ke ilaake Greenwich se guzarne waala meridian Prime Meridian hoga, jise 0° maana gaya. Longitude isse east ya west ki doori hai, Equator ke saath degrees mein 0° se 180° tak, saath mein E ya W.
Mote taur par New York 74°W, Delhi 77°E aur Tokyo 140°E par hain. East ya west jaate-jaate aakhir globe ke doosri taraf ek hi meridian aata hai, isliye 180°E aur 180°W ek line hain, jise bas 180° likhte hain.
Grid aur coordinates
Latitude aur longitude milkar kisi jagah ke do coordinates hain. Parallels aur meridians grid banaate hain, isliye inhe grid lines bhi kehte hain. “Delhi 29°N latitude aur 77°E longitude par hai” Prithvi par Delhi ki jagah tay kar deta hai (values round ki hui hain). Isi tarah Mumbai lagbhag 19°N, 73°E, Kolkata lagbhag 22.5°N, 88°E, Singapore lagbhag 1°N, 104°E aur Paris lagbhag 49°N, 2°E par hain.
Equator Prithvi ko Northern aur Southern Hemisphere mein baantta hai. Prime Meridian, apne saamne ki 180° line ke saath, Prithvi ko Western aur Eastern Hemisphere mein baantta hai. India Northern aur Eastern Hemisphere mein hai.
India ka apna prime meridian
Greenwich pehla prime meridian nahi tha. Europe se sadiyon pehle India ka apna tha, madhya rekhā yaani ‘beech ki line’. Ye Ujjayinī (aaj ka Ujjain) se guzarti thi, jo astronomy ka mashhoor kendra tha, jahan Varāhamihira lagbhag 1,500 saal pehle rehte aur kaam karte the. Saari Indian astronomical texts apni ganana ke liye ise use karti thin.
Is meridian par bataaye gaye kuch purane shehar thoda hatke hain, kyunki longitude naapne ke liye sahi samay naapna zaroori hai, jo tab itna sateek nahi tha.
Latitude aur longitude ki tulna
| Latitude | Longitude | |
|---|---|---|
| Kahan se naapte hain | Equator (0°) | Prime Meridian (0°) |
| Kahan tak | 90°N aur 90°S | 180°E aur 180°W |
| Iski lines | parallels, east–west | meridians, pole se pole |
| Lines ki lambaai | poles ki taraf chhoti | sab barabar aadhe ghere |
India lagbhag 8°N se 37°N aur 68°E se 97°E tak faila hai. Iska longitude iska samay bhi samjhaata hai; dekho Indian Standard Time kya hai. Poore chapter ke liye Chapter 1 notes dekho.
Practice karo
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Sabse lamba parallel of latitude kaunsa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Equator
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North Pole ka latitude kya hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 90°N
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Purane India ka prime meridian, madhya rekhā, kis shehar se guzarta tha?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Ujjayinī (Ujjain)
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Delhi lagbhag 29°N, 77°E par hai. Inme latitude kaunsa hai aur longitude kaunsa?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: 29°N latitude hai (Equator se north ki doori) aur 77°E longitude hai (Prime Meridian se east ki doori).
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180°E aur 180°W ko bas 180° kyun likhte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Greenwich se east ya west jaate-jaate globe ke doosri taraf ek hi meridian par pahunchte hain, isliye 180°E aur 180°W ek hi line hain aur letter ki zaroorat nahi.
Students ke sawal
Latitude aur longitude mein kya fark hai?
Latitude batata hai ki jagah Equator se kitni north ya south hai (0° se 90°N ya S); iski lines, parallels, east–west chalti hain. Longitude batata hai ki jagah Prime Meridian se kitni east ya west hai (0° se 180°E ya W); iski lines, meridians, pole se pole tak chalti hain.
Prime Meridian Greenwich par kyun hai?
Koi bhi meridian shuruaati line ban sakta tha, isliye ek chunna zaroori tha. 1884 mein kuch deshon ne tay kiya ki London ke ilaake Greenwich se guzarne waala meridian international standard hoga, jise 0° longitude maana gaya.
Madhya rekhā kya thi?
‘Beech ki line’, India ka apna prime meridian, jo Greenwich se sadiyon pehle use hota tha. Ye Ujjayinī (Ujjain) se guzarta tha, jo astronomy ka kendra tha aur jahan Varāhamihira ne lagbhag 1,500 saal pehle kaam kiya. Indian astronomical texts ise reference maanti thin.
Kya saare meridians ek jitne lambe hain?
Haan. Har meridian North Pole se South Pole tak aadha ghera hai, isliye sab barabar hain, aur har ek Equator ka aadha hai. Parallels alag hain: ve poles ki taraf chhote hote jaate hain.
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