Class 6 Social Science Chapter 12: Grassroots Democracy — Part 3: Local Government in Urban Areas (Hinglish Notes)

Shaharon ko apni sarkaar kyun chahiye?

Loktantra mein achha shaasan nagrikon ko taakat deta hai taaki ve desh ke kaam-kaaj mein khud hissa lein, chahe gaon ka level ho, shahar ka, State ka ya desh ka. Ise participatory democracy kehte hain. Chapter 11 mein humne dekha ki ye gaon mein kaise chalta hai. Kolkata, Chennai ya Mumbai jaise shahar aam taur pe gaon ya chhote kasbe se zyaada complex aur vividh hote hain: kahin zyaada log, kai samudaay, aur kahin zyaada zarooratein. Isliye shahar ka shaasan bhi zyaada complex hona chahiye. Chapter iske buniyaadi siddhaant dikhata hai.

Sarkaar ke teen level

India ke shaasan ko ek pyramid ki tarah socho. Sabse upar desh ke level pe Union Government, phir State Government, aur neenv mein, logon ke sabse paas, local government. Local government ke do hisse hain: gaon mein Panchayati Raj system, aur shahar mein urban local bodies. Dono taraf neenv mein khud log hain.

Urban local bodies aur wards

Urban local bodies decentralised hain. Sab kuch upar baithi ek central authority ke bajaaye, local logon ki seedhi awaaz hoti hai ki unka ilaaka kaise chale aur unki dikkatein kaise suljhein. Gaon ki tarah inme bhi chune hue members hote hain jo local nagrikon ki numaaindgi karte hain.

Shahar aur kasbe chhoti ikaaiyon mein baante jaate hain jinhe wards kehte hain. Ward committees health camps aur single-use plastic ke khilaaf campaigns jaise kaam karti hain. Ve kisi bhi gadbad pe nazar rakhti hain, jaise paani ka leak, band naali ya tooti sadak, aur use authorities ko report karti hain. Wards ka kaam-kaaj State se State alag hota hai.

Urban local bodies kya karti hain

Urban local bodies shahar ke infrastructure ki dekhbhaal mein madad karti hain, kabristan sambhaalti hain, kachra uthaati aur nipataati hain, sarkaari yojanaayein theek se lagu hon ye dekhti hain, aur local tax aur jurmaane leti hain. Ilaake ke aarthik aur saamaajik vikas ki planning mein bhi inka kuch role hota hai. Jaise, Indore Municipal Corporation property tax, water charges, solid waste management, trade licences, marriage certificates, fire services aur shikaayatein sambhaalti hai, aur maangne pe water tanker, septic tanker, auditorium, funeral van, mobile toilet aur ambulance deti hai. Inme se kuch services ke paise lagte hain, jo body ki kamaai ka ek tareeka hai.

Nagrikon ke bhi farz hain

Ye bodies tabhi achhe se kaam kar sakti hain jab log apna hissa nibhaayein aur apne ilaake ki parwaah karein: ye participatory democracy hai. Agar log kachra alag karne ke niyam maanein to kachra uthaana aasaan ho jaata hai; agar koi gali mein paani ka leak turant report kare to keemti paani bachta hai. Swachh Survekshan survey mein Indore lagaataar saat saal India ka sabse saaf shahar bana, aur isme uske nagrikon ka bhi haath tha.

Urban local bodies ke teen type

Shahar ya kasbe ki aabaadi	Sabse oonchi urban local body
10 lakh se zyaada	Municipal Corporation (Mahanagar Nigam), jaise Mumbai, Chennai aur Indore mein
1 lakh se 10 lakh	Municipal Council (Nagar Palika)
Chhote kasbe	Nagar Panchayat

Aur padho Municipal Corporation kya karti hai mein.

Gaon aur shahar: Sameer aur Anita

Chapter mein shahar se aayi Anita, Sameer se uske gaon mein milti hai. Wo batati hai ki shahar mein bheed, bhaag-daud aur shor hai, aur log aksar apne padosiyon ko nahi jaante, phir bhi jab baarish ke baad ek ghar gira, to darjanon log malba hataane aaye. Uske shahar mein local bodies aur chune hue pratinidhi hain. Sameer kehta hai ki ye uski gaon ki Panchayat jaisa hai, bas bada: gaon mein sab ek-doosre ko jaante hain, aur bachchon ki bhi suni gayi jab unhone ek Gram Sabha member ko khatarnaak tareeke se neeche latakte bijli ke taar ke baare mein bataaya, aur khamba khiska diya gaya. Dono maante hain ki shahar ka system zyaada complicated hai, par vichaar wahi hai: har kisi ki awaaz maayne rakhti hai.

Purani jadein

Madras Corporation (ab Greater Chennai Corporation), 29 September 1688 ko bani, India ki sabse purani municipal sanstha hai. Ek saal pehle East India Company ne ek charter jaari karke Fort St. George shahar aur Fort se 16 km tak ki saari zameen ko ek corporation bana diya tha, aur 1792 ke ek Parliamentary Act ne ise municipal tax lene ka haq diya, jab se shahar ka prashaasan theek se shuru hua. Bombay Municipal Corporation, jo ab Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai hai, 1865 mein bani. 13 October 1949 ko Constituent Assembly mein Rustom K. Sidhwa ne poori local bodies banaane ki maang ki, taaki log apne hi kasbe ya gaon mein prashaasan, vote, shaktiyaan aur adhikaar samajh sakein. Chapter ke har sawal ka jawab Chapter 12 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.