NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Chapter 12: Understanding Markets (Hinglish)

Chapter 12, Understanding Markets, Exploring Society: India and Beyond, Class 7 Social Science textbook Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27) ke har sawaal ke jawaab: Big Questions, shuruaati sawaal, aathon Let’s Explore activities, har Think About It aur text ke baaki sawaal, aur dason Questions and activities. Page number book ke hisaab se hain (pages 247–272). Chhote notes: Chapter 12 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 247)

1. Market kya hain aur kaise kaam karte hain? Market koi bhi jagah hai, asli ya online, jahan kharidaar aur bechne waale saamaan aur sevaaon ka len den karte hain. Ye tab chalta hai jab ve ek daam par raazi hon, mol bhaav se aur samay ke saath demand aur supply se, aur wholesalers, distributors aur retailers saamaan producers se upbhoktaaon tak laate hain.

2. Logon ke jeevan mein market ki kya bhoomika hai? Market se hum wo cheezein aur sevaayein paate hain jo khud nahi bana sakte; ye logon ko kaam aur aamdani dete hain, producers ko batate hain ki kya banaana hai, aur rishte aur paramparaayein banaate hain.

3. Market mein sarkaar ki kya bhoomika hai? Wo kuch daam aur nyoontam mazdoori tay karti hai, quality aur suraksha ke maanak laagu karti hai, pradooshan jaise nuksaan seemit karti hai, naap tol jaanchti hai aur saarvajanik vastuyein deti hai.

4. Upbhokta quality kaise parakhein? Label padhkar, FSSAI, ISI, AGMARK aur BEE star jaise certification nishaan dekhkar, aur logon ki raay aur online reviews se.

Shuruaati sawaal: ye saamaan hum tak kaise pahunchta hai? Market ki ek kadi se: producers wholesalers ko bechte hain, jo saamaan godaam, distributors aur mandi ke zariye retailers tak pahunchaate hain, jinse hum kharidte hain; online bechne waale ghar tak pahunchaate hain.

Let’s Explore (page 251): Hampi Bazaar

Apne shikhar par bazaar bheed aur shor se bhara hota: dukaanon ki lambi qataarein, anaaj aur tel ke dher, resham aur sooti kapde, jaanwar aur pinjron mein pakshi, galiyon mein sone ke gehne banaate kaarigar, ratn taulte vyapaari, aur Virupaksha mandir ke teerthyatri door se aaye vyapaariyon ke saath. Hamare rajyon ke purane market (udaaharan): Delhi ka Chandni Chowk, Jaipur ka Johari Bazaar, Hyderabad mein Charminar ke paas Laad Bazaar aur Mysuru ka Devaraja Market. Unki tarah aaj ke market bhi kai cheezon ke bechne waalon ko ek jagah laate hain; par aaj mall ki dukaanein, bijli ki roshni, tay daam, card aur UPI hain, aur saamaan kahin door se aata hai.

Let’s Explore (pages 251–252): amrood ka skit

Sample samvaad. Kharidaar: Amrood kitne ke hain? Bechne waale: ₹60 kilo, aaj hi khet se aaye hain. Kharidaar: Ye to zyaada hai; aage waala thela ₹40 mein de raha hai. Bechne waale: Wo chhote hain. Ye dekho, meethe aur sakht. ₹55 mein de dete hain. Kharidaar: Do kilo ₹45 mein de do. Bechne waale: ₹50 kar lo, ek amrood extra mil jaayega. Kharidaar: Theek hai. Mol bhaav mein offer aur jawaabi offer, doosre thele se tulna, quality ki taareef aur sauda pakka karne ke liye thoda extra shaamil tha.

Think About It (page 252)

Jin market mein mol bhaav kam hota hai: mall, supermarket, dawai ki dukaan, petrol pump aur online store, jahan daam chhape (MRP) ya sabke liye tay hote hain, saamaan ek jaisa hota hai, aur kharidaar itne zyaada hote hain ki har ek se mol bhaav nahi ho sakta.

Think About It (page 254)

Der raat sabziyan sasti: ve jaldi kharab hoti hain, bechne waale unhe waapas le jaane ki jagah ghar jaane se pehle bechna chahte hain, aur kharidaar kam bachte hain, isliye daam ghataaye jaate hain. Sardi ke aakhir mein ooni kapdon par chhoot: mausam garam hone par demand ghatti hai, dukaanon ko agle mausam ke maal ke liye jagah chahiye, aur bina bike ooni kapde saal bhar rakhne mein kharch hota hai.

Think About It (page 255)

Online aur physical kharidaari ke faayde aur nuksaan, kharidaaron aur bechne waalon dono ke liye, neeche ki table mein hain. Physical market ki zaroorat waali aur sevaayein: baal katwaana, doctor aur dentist ki jaanch, plumber aur electrician ki marammat, gaadi ki servicing aur physiotherapy.

Let’s Explore (page 257): saamaan ka safar

Fig. 12.11 ka flow: inputs aur kachcha maal producers kharidte hain aur unse taiyaar maal banaate hain; ye wholesalers ke paas jaata hai, godaam aur distributors tak pahunchta hai, mandi aur wholesale market mein bheja jaata hai, aur retailers ko diya jaata hai, jo upbhoktaaon ko bechte hain. Wholesalers thok mein kharidte hain, maal rakhte hain, andaaza lagaate hain ki retailers ko kitna chahiye aur supply banaaye rakhte hain; retailers hamare ghar ke paas thodi maatra mein bechte hain aur saamaan aasaani se uplabdh karaate hain.

Let’s Explore (page 262): ek product ka safar

Sample: chai ka packet. Assam ke bagaan mein chai ugaayi aur todi jaati hai, bagaan ki factory mein process hoti hai, chai ki neelaami mein ek packing company ko bikti hai, pack aur brand ki jaati hai, distributor ko bheji jaati hai, aur kiraana dukaan tak pahunchti hai, jo hume bechti hai. Tumhara chart tumhare chune hue product aur dukaan par nirbhar karega.

Don’t Miss Out (page 262): Surat

Map (Fig. 12.24) par bandargaah, highway aur railway lines shehar tak aati hain. Inhone kachchi kapaas aur doosre inputs sasti aur tez laakar, aur kapde aur heere Bharat ke baaki hisson aur bandargaah se doosre deshon tak bhejkar, Surat ko vyapaar ka kendra banaaya.

Think About It (page 263)

Market ke bina jeevan: har parivaar ko lagbhag sab kuch khud ugaana ya banaana padta. Agar kisaan chaawal, gehun, daal, sabziyan aur phal market mein na laayein, to shehar ke log bhookhe rahenge aur kisaanon ki kamaai nahi hogi; agar Surat ke kapda banaane waale kapaas na khareed sakein, to karghe ruk jaayenge aur kaamgaaron ka kaam chala jaayega. Jin cheezon ka taiyaar market nahi: asli paintings, purani durlabh cheezein, khaas machines aur kuch hastashilp; kam kharidaaron ki wajah se bechne waalon ko bechne aur daam tay karne mein, aur kharidaaron ko unhe dhoondhne mein mushkil hoti hai. Kalaakaar aaj kharidaar kaise dhoondhte hain: online marketplace aur apni website, social media, pradarshani aur gallery, art fair, aur unke kaam ko jaanne waalon se order.

Let’s Explore (page 263): bijli bachaane waale fridge

Jab bahut upbhokta kam bijli waale fridge maangte hain, to retailers wholesalers aur distributors se unke zyaada order dete hain, jo producers se zyaada mangaate hain. Producers phir bijli bachaane waale model design karke banaate hain aur behtar compressor aur insulation jaise inputs kharidte hain, isliye Fig. 12.11 ka poora network in fridge ki taraf mud jaata hai.

Let’s Explore (page 265): market ki reetiyan

Udaaharan: sabzi waalon ka mutthi bhar dhaniya aur hari mirch bina paise ke dena; tyohaaron par mithai ki dukaanon ka purane graahakon ko chakhaana; saalon se aane waale graahak ko dukaandaar ka chai pilaana; aur din ki pehli bikri ko shubh maanna.

Let’s Explore (page 266): pyaaz

Supply ghatne par pyaaz ka daam badhta hai, kyunki kam pyaaz ke liye zyaada kharidaar hote hain. Agar supply karne waale pyaaz rok lein, to daam aur badhte hain aur parivaar pareshaan hote hain. Sarkaar apne bhandaar se pyaaz nikaal sakti hai, import ki ijaazat de sakti hai, vyapaariyon ke bhandaaran ki seema tay karke jamakhori rok sakti hai, jamakhoron par kaarvaai kar sakti hai, aur apni dukaanon se uchit daam par pyaaz bech sakti hai.

Think About It (page 267)

Arthashastra ka niyam dikhaata hai ki kharidaaron ki raksha ka vichaar purana hai: ghee vyapaariyon ko naap mein chipke ghee ki bharpaai ke liye pachaasvaan hissa zyaada dena hota tha. Jahan sarkaar aur bhi judi hai (udaaharan): rail kiraaya, rasoi gas aur khaad ke daam, bijli ki daren, bank ke niyam, kuch rajyon mein school fees, aur ration ki dukaanon se milne waala anaaj. Jahan ye kam kar sakti hai (charcha ke liye): chhoti dukaanon aur naye business ko dheema karne waale kaagazi kaam aur licence. Parivaaron ki raay alag alag hogi.

Think About It (page 268): kanche

Dekhne laayak gun: khel ke liye sahi size aur vajan, bina daraar ka sakht kaanch, chikna aur bilkul gol aakaar jo seedha ludhke, achhi pakad, aakarshak rang, aur ₹150 mein kaafi kanche.

Besan ka packet: FSSAI nishaan aur licence number, banaane ki taareekh aur expiry date, net maatra, ingredients (shuddh besan), allergen jaankaari, MRP, batch number aur banaane waale ka naam aur pata jaancho, aur dekho ki packet seal band ho.

Let’s Explore (page 269): BEE star label

Urja kushalta ke badhte kram mein ek sample chart: purana TV (2 star), AC (3 star), fridge (4 star), ceiling fan (5 star). Tumhara chart ghar ke devices par nirbhar karega. Logon ki raay (page 269): kai parivaar mixer, phone ya school bag isliye kharidte hain kyunki kisi dost ya rishtedaar ne istemaal karke uski salaah di.

Questions and activities (pages 271–272)

1. Market mein kharidaar aur bechne waale, saamaan ya sevaayein, aur ek daam hota hai jis par dono raazi hon, aam taur par paise se chukaaya gaya, asli jagah par ya online. Haal ki ek market visit (sample): sabzi mandi mein thelon aur stalls par kai bechne waale the, kharidaar daam milaa rahe the aur mol bhaav kar rahe the, taazgi aur din ke samay ke saath daam badal rahe the, bhugtaan cash aur UPI se ho raha tha, aur wholesalers dukaanon ke liye boriyan utaar rahe the.

2. Adam Smith ne samriddhi ko un market se joda jo isliye bante hain kyunki logon ko aisi cheezein aur sevaayein chahiye jo ve khud nahi bana sakte. Chapter yahi dikhaata hai: kisaan anaaj bechte aur kapda kharidte hain; Surat ke bunkar kapaas kharidte aur duniya bhar mein saree bechte hain; Hampi Bazaar ne Vijayanagara ko samriddh banaaya; aur Ima Keithal hazaaron parivaaron ka sahaara hai. Har vyakti ek kaam mein maahir hota hai, aur market unhe len den karne dete hain, jisse sabka bhala hota hai.

3. Jab bechne waala zyaada amrood kharidega, to kisaan ko badhti demand dikhegi aur wo daam badha sakta hai. Wo shaayad agle mausam ke liye zyaada ped lagaakar, unki behtar dekhbhaal karke ya achhi kismein ugaakar taiyaari karega. Agar bahut kisaan aisa karein, to supply badhegi aur daam phir ghat sakta hai, jab tak wo tik na jaaye.

4. 1, physical market: kharidaar aur bechne waalon ka maujood hona zaroori. 2, online market: kharidaar aur bechne waale virtual roop se milte hain aur kabhi bhi len den kar sakte hain. 3, ghareloo market: desh ki seemaaon ke andar. 4, antarrashtriya market: saamaan aur sevaayein desh ki seemaaon ke paar jaati hain. 5, wholesale market: thok maatra mein len den. 6, retail market: final upbhoktaaon ki seva.

5. Luxury car, designer handbag, asli paintings, durlabh gehne aur durlabh beemaariyon ki dawaiyan kam kharidaaron ke baawajood bahut mehngi hoti hain. Kaaran: bahut seemit supply, saamagri aur kushal kaarigari ki oonchi laagat, nayi dawaiyon par lamba research, brand ki saakh aur khaas pan, aur aise kharidaar jo durlabh cheez ke liye zyaada dene ko taiyaar hain.

6. Parivaar ne shaayad safaai aur saaf packing, ek hi jagah sab kuch kharidne ki suvidha aur aaraam, bina mol bhaav ke tay daam, dukaan par bharosa, ya mana kiye jaane ke baad mahila ki naaraazgi ki wajah se zyaada diya. To haan: safaai, suvidha, bharosa, samay, aaraam aur bhaavnaayein, sab kharid bikri ko prabhaavit karti hain, sirf daam nahi.

7. Jab badi fasal ek saath market mein aati hai, to supply demand se bahut zyaada ho jaati hai, daam gir jaate hain, aur daam todne aur dhone ka kharch bhi nahi nikaalta, isliye kisaan fasal fenk dete hain. Wholesalers thok mein kharid kar tamaatar cold storage mein rakh sakte hain aur jahan kami ho wahan bhej sakte hain. Doosre tareeke: puree, ketchup aur sauce banaana, sukhaana, daamon ki behtar jaankaari, buvaai ko alag mausamon mein baantna, aur zyaada fasal hone par sarkaar ki khareed ya madad.

8. School carnival mein (sample) students khaane ke stall, khel, hastashilp aur paudhon ki bikri aur kitaabon ki adla badli lagaate hain. Ve chart par daam likhte hain, combo deal dete hain, band hone ke samay chhoot dete hain, coupon istemaal karte hain, aur doston aur maata pita se vinamrata se mol bhaav karte hain; paisa aksar class ke chune hue kisi achhe kaam mein jaata hai.

9. Sample: packet waala aata (FSSAI), bijli ki press (ISI), shahad (AGMARK), ceiling fan (BEE star) aur helmet (ISI). Bina nishaan waale products mein khuli sabziyan aur phal, aur chhote local banaane waalon ke hastashilp aur namkeen ho sakte hain, kyunki har product ke liye certification zaroori nahi, ya chhote banaane waalon ne iske liye aavedan nahi kiya; kuch bina nishaan waali cheezein nakli bhi ho sakti hain, isliye kharidaaron ko saavdhaan rehna chahiye.

10. Saabun ke label par product ka naam aur brand, net vajan, MRP, ingredients, batch number, banaane ki taareekh, kab tak istemaal karein, istemaal ka tareeka, ‘sirf baahri istemaal ke liye’ jaisi chetaavani, aur banaane waalon ka naam, pata aur sampark hona chahiye.

Chhote notes aur zyaada practice topic pages par hain: market ke prakaar, daam kaise tay hote hain aur market mein sarkaar ki bhoomika.