Market ke prakaar

Market kya hai?

Market wo jagah hai jahan log saamaan kharidte aur bechte hain. Ise bazaar, Hindi mein haat ya Kannada mein marukatte kehte hain, aur ye asli jagah ho sakti hai ya, aajkal zyaada se zyaada, online. Market ke zariye vyakti, parivaar aur business apni zaroorat aur chaahat ki cheezein aur sevaayein paate hain. Needs wo hain jinke bina jeena mushkil hai, jaise khaana, paani, kapde aur ghar; wants wo hain jo hum chahte hain par jinke bina kaam chal sakta hai. Market log, paramparaayein aur vichaar bhi jodte hain.

Hampi Bazaar

16vi sadi mein Karnataka ka Hampi Bazaar, Virupaksha mandir ke saamne, Vijayanagara samrajya ke sabse samriddh market mein se ek tha, phalte phoolte vyapaar ka kendra. Videshi yatri hairaan reh gaye. Portuguese yatri Domingos Paes ne Hampi ko duniya ka sabse bharpoor saamaan waala shehar bataaya, jahan anaaj, beej, doodh, tel, resham, gaay, khargosh, ghode, aur titar aur bater jaise pakshi bikte the. Ek aur Portuguese yatri, Fernao Nuniz, ne galiyon mein kaam karte kaarigaron, gehnon, maanik, heere aur moti, sooti kapde aur ghaas aur bhoose ke dheron ka varnan kiya, aur hairaan hue ki itni sookhi zameen par itna sab kaise hai.

Physical aur online market

Physical market mein kharidaar bechne waalon se aamne saamne milkar saamaan ya sevaaon ke liye paise dete hain: thelon aur vendors waale haat aur saaptaahik bazaar, dukaanon aur street food waale local market, aur mall. Online market mein kharidaar aur bechne waalon ka milna zaroori nahi; ve hazaaron kilometre door bhi ho sakte hain aur app ya website se len den karte hain. Log kitaabein, kapde, furniture, kiraana aur electronics ghar par mangaate hain, manufacturers production ke liye parts online kharidte hain, aur online classes jaisi sevaayein bhi online khareedi aur chukaayi jaati hain. Silaai jaisi kuch sevaaon ke liye physical market abhi bhi zaroori hai. Share market, jahan saamaan ki jagah shares khareede beche jaate hain, ek aur prakaar hai, jo share market kya hai mein samjhaaya gaya hai.

Ghareloo aur antarrashtriya market

Ghareloo market wo hai jahan len den desh ke andar hota hai, jaise is textbook ke liye poore Bharat ki paper mills se khareeda gaya kaagaz. Antarrashtriya market desh ki seemaaon ke paar hai: bechne waale apna maal doosre deshon ko export karte hain, aur kharidaar videsh mein bana maal import karte hain. Fig. 12.10 dikhaata hai ki Bharat North America ko software aur doosri sevaayein, South America ko chemicals, Africa ko dawaiyan, Europe ko engineering saamaan aur West Asia ko refined petroleum bhejta hai, aur hawaai jahaz, taambe ka ayask, heere, bijli ka saamaan, kachcha petroleum, khaad aur khaane ka tel kharidta hai. 2024 mein Bharat ne kisi bhi desh se zyaada khaane ka tel import kiya, aur zyaadatar palm oil Malaysia, Indonesia aur Thailand se aaya.

Wholesale aur retail

Physical market mein wholesalers producers se thok mein saamaan kharidte hain, jaise kheton se seedhe anaaj, sabziyan aur phal, aur unhe bade godaamon mein rakhte hain, jaldi kharab hone waali cheezon ke liye cold storage ke saath, phir unhe mandi naam ke market mein laate hain. Masaalon aur dry fruits (Khari Baoli, Purani Delhi), phoolon (Bengaluru), ratn aur gehnon (Johari Bazaar, Jaipur), aur chemicals, electronics aur nirmaan saamagri ke bhi wholesale market hain. Wholesalers retailers ko maal dete hain, yaani hamare ghar ke paas ki dukaanein, jo final upbhoktaaon ko thodi maatra mein bechti hain; salon, cinema aur restaurant sevaaon ke retailers hain. Jahan doori ya ilaake ki wajah se bahut saare retailers tak pahunchna mushkil ho, wahan distributors ye kami poori karte hain. Online mein manufacturers maal ek aggregator ke godaam mein bhejte hain, jo order leta, saamaan pack karta aur pahunchaata hai.

Surat: market ki ek kadi

Gujarat ka Surat, jise chapter Asia ka sabse purana textile market kehta hai, supply chain ka udaaharan hai. Maharashtra aur Gujarat ke doosre hisson ki kapaas mandiyon se kachchi kapaas aati hai, aur hazaaron units mein use power looms par buna, ranga aur process kiya jaata hai, aur saree aur ready-made kapde banaaye jaate hain; har charan ka apna market hai. Phir wholesalers andaaza lagaate hain ki retailers ko kitna chahiye aur poore Bharat aur videsh ki dukaanon ko maal bhejte hain, jisse supply lagaataar bani rehti hai. Surat mein duniya ka sabse bada heera udyog bhi hai, jahan lagbhag 15 lakh kaarigar heere kaatte aur chamkaate hain, aur pashchimi tat ke bandargaahon, sadakon aur railway ne 16vi sadi se iske vyapaar ko badhaaya hai.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Market ke prakaar aur har product ke peechhe ki kadi samajhne se pata chalta hai ki Surat ki saree ya chaawal ki bori hamare ghar tak kaise aati hai aur har kadi daam mein kaise judti hai. Daam kaise tay hote hain, ye daam kaise tay hote hain mein hai, aur sarkaar ka hissa market mein sarkaar ki bhoomika mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 12 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 12 ke notes bhi dekho.