Magadha ka uday

Ek mahajanapada aage nikla

6th se 4th century BCE ka samay uttar Bharat mein gehre badlaav ka tha. Pichhle chapter mein humne solah mahajanapada dekhe, uttar aur madhya Bharat ke bade rajya, har ek ki apni sabha ke saath. Inmein se ek, Magadha, jo aaj ke dakshin Bihar aur aas-paas ke kuch ilaakon mein tha, lagaataar zyaada mahatvapoorn hota gaya aur kai rajyon ke milkar Bharat ka pehla samrajya banne ki zameen taiyaar ki. Ajatashatru jaise shuruaati taakatwar rajaon ne use shakti ka pramukh kendra banaaya. Duniya ke do sabse mashhoor dharmik shikshak unke samay mein jeeye: Siddhartha Gautama, jo Buddha bane, aur Vardhamana, jinhe Mahavira ke naam se jaana jaata hai.

Bhoogol ke tohfe

Magadha ke paas aise praakritik faayde the jinki barabari kam virodhi kar sakte the. Ye Ganga ke maidaanon mein tha, jahan upjaau mitti se achhi fasal hoti thi. Uske jangal imaaraton aur naavon ke liye lakdi dete the, aur haathi bhi, jinhe pakadkar sena ke liye sikhaaya ja sakta tha. Paas ki pahaadiyon mein loha aur doosre khanij the. Aur do nadiyan, Ganga aur Son, saamaan dhone ke liye highway ka kaam karti thin.

Lohe ne kheti aur yuddh badle

Lohe ne kheti se lekar yuddh tak doosri takneekon ko badal diya. Lohe ka hal zyaada zameen tod sakta tha, isliye kisaanon ne zyaada anaaj ugaaya. Lohe ke hathiyaar halke aur tez the, jisse Magadha ki sena zyaada kaabil bani. Sadiyon baad bana Sanchi stupa ka ek nakkaashidaar panel us daur ki senaaon ka andaaza deta hai: haathiyon aur ghodon pe sawaar aur paidal sainik Buddha ke avshesh waapas laane ke liye Kusinara, yaani aaj ke Kushinagar, ko gherte hain, aur avshesh ek haathi pe chhatri ke neeche le jaaye ja rahe hain.

Bache anaaj se vyapaar tak

Bache hue anaaj ka matlab tha ki har kisi ko kheti nahi karni padti thi. Zyaada log kaarigar aur shilpkaar ban sakte the, aur unka saamaan rajya ki seema ke andar aur baahar dono jagah maanga jaata tha. Ganga aur Son nadiyon se ye saamaan naav se le jaana aasaan tha. Phalte-phoolte vyapaar se Magadha ki kamaai badhi, aur ameer rajya badi sena ka kharcha utha sakta tha. Kadam dar kadam bhoogol, loha, bacha anaaj aur vyapaar ne Magadha ko apne samay ki sabse badi shakti bana diya.

Nanda vansh

Lagbhag 5th century BCE mein Mahapadma Nanda Magadha mein taakatwar bana, jahan usne Nanda vansh shuru kiya. Usne kai chhote rajyon ko apne raaj mein liya aur uttar aur poorvi Bharat ke hisson mein phaila samrajya banaaya. Phalti-phoolti arthvyavastha ke saath usne sikke chalaaye, chaandi ke punch-marked tukde, jo uski aarthik taakat ka nishaan the, aur Greek lekh batate hain ki Nandon ke paas badi sena thi. Mashhoor vyakaranaachaarya Panini, jinki Ashtadhyayi Sanskrit ke niyam 3,996 chhote sutron mein batati hai, Nanda kaal mein, lagbhag 5th century BCE mein, maane jaate hain.

Aakhri Nanda samraat Dhana Nanda bahut ameer tha, par apni praja pe zulm karta aur unka shoshan karta tha, aur bahut napasand ho gaya. Jab Takshashila ke shikshak Kautilya ne use apne tareeke badalne ki chetaavni di, to Dhana Nanda ne unka apmaan karke unhe darbaar se nikaal diya. Kautilya ne Nanda raaj khatam karne ki kasam khaayi, aur unki madad se Chandragupta Maurya ne lagbhag 321 BCE mein Nanda samrajya jeet liya.

Usi samay, uttar-pashchim mein

Jab poorv mein Magadha badh raha tha, uttar-pashchim mein Mediterranean jaane waale ek purane raaste pe chhote rajya the, jinmein raja Porus ke Pauravas bhi the. 334–331 BCE mein Persian samrajya jeetne ke baad Macedonia ka Alexander 327–325 BCE mein Bharat mein ghusa. Usne Punjab mein Porus ko haraaya, par sthaaniya kabeelon aur shaasakon ne kada muqaabla kiya, usne kai shehron ke logon ka qatl-e-aam kiya, aur vo khud buri tarah ghaayal hua. Ghar ki yaad mein thake uske sainikon ne Ganga ki or aage badhne se mana kar diya, isliye vo laut gaya aur pyaas, bhookh aur beemaari se bahut se sainik kho baitha. Jab Porus se poochha gaya ki vo kaisa vyavhaar chaahta hai, usne kaha “raja jaisa”, aur Alexander ne use satrap ke roop mein raaj karne diya.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Magadha dikhata hai ki bhoogol, takneek aur vyapaar kaise ek rajya ko samrajya bana sakte hain. Uske agle shaasak, Maurya, Maurya samrajya aur Ashoka mein hain, aur samrajya ka vichaar khud samrajya kya hai mein. Har sawaal ka jawaab Chapter 5 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 5 ke notes bhi dekho.