NCERT Solutions Class 7 Social Science Chapter 5: The Rise of Empires (Hinglish)

Exploring Society: India and Beyond Grade 7 Part 1 (Reprint 2026-27) ke Chapter 5, The Rise of Empires, ke har sawaal ke jawaab: Big Questions, saare Let’s Explore aur Think About It, side boxes ke sawaal, aur naun questions and activities. Page numbers book ke hisaab se hain (pages 83–116). Jin sawaalon mein tumhari apni raay maangi gayi hai, unke jawaab sample hain, apne hisaab se badlo. Chhote notes: Chapter 5 ke notes.

The Big Questions (page 83)

1. Samrajya kya hai? Samrajya ek vishaal ilaaka hai jo kai chhote rajyon ya kshetron ko ek taakatwar shaasak, samraat, ya shaasakon ke samooh ke neeche jodta hai, aam taur pe yuddh se. Chhote rajyon ke apne shaasak bane rehte the par ve tributary ban jaate the: tribute dete the aur samraat ko overlord maante the, jabki samraat poore ilaake pe ek rajdhani se raaj karta tha. Shabd Latin imperium, yaani ‘sabse badi shakti’, se aaya hai, aur Sanskrit granth samraat ko samraj, adhiraja ya rajadhiraja, yaani ‘rajaon ka raja’, kehte hain.

2. Samrajya kaise uthe aur unhone Bharatiya sabhyata ko kaise roop diya? Samrajya vahan bane jahan rajya ke paas bharpoor sansaadhan aur taakatwar shaasak the. Upjaau Ganga ke maidaanon mein jangal, loha aur nadiyon waala Magadha ameer aur shaktishaali bana, aur pehle Nandon aur phir Mauryon ke samay usne apne padosiyon ko apne mein mila liya. Samrajyon ne Bharatiya sabhyata ko har star pe roop diya. Raajneetik roop se Mauryon ne lagbhag poore upmahadweep ko joda. Aarthik roop se unhone vyapaar ke raaste mazboot kiye, sikkon ka khoob upyog kiya, tax liye aur godaam rakhe. Saamaajik aur saanskritik roop se unhone yojana se bane shehar banaaye, dharmon, shiksha aur kala ko badhaava diya, chamakdaar stambhon se lekar stupon tak, aur Ashoka ne Brahmi mein, jo Bharat ki kshetriya lipiyon ki jananee hai, dharma aur kalyan ka sandesh failaaya.

3. Kin baaton ne rajyon ko samrajya banne mein madad ki? Praakritik sansaadhan, jaise upjaau zameen, lakdi aur haathiyon waale jangal, aur loha; lohe ki takneek, jisse bacha anaaj aur tez hathiyaar mile; aawajaahi aur vyapaar ke liye nadiyan aur sadkein; vyapaar aur tax, jinse badi senaaon ka kharcha chala; sikke aur jamee hui aarthik vyavastha; Kautilya jaise kaabil shaasak aur salaahkaar, mazboot prashaasan ke saath; aur virodhiyon ki kamzori, jaise napasand Nanda ya Alexander ke peeche chhode Greek satraps.

4. 6th se 2nd century BCE ke beech jeevan kaisa tha? Zyaadatar log kheti karte the, aur Mauryon ke samay saal mein do fasalon aur bhare godaamon se akaal kam padte the. Pataliputra jaise shehron mein deewaarein, khaai, mahal aur sanket-patt waali yojana se bani sadkein thin, do manzil tak oonche lakdi ke ghar, door-door ke saamaan waale baazaar, lohaar, kumhaar, badhai aur sunaar jaise kaarigar, aur sadak pe kartab dikhaate nat. Vyapaari guilds banaate the, raaste door ke kshetron ko jodte the, aur sikke chalte the. Log sooti kapde pehente the, Buddha aur Mahavira ke saath nayi seekhein failin, aur Ashoka ke samay shaasak dharma aur kalyan ki baat karta tha. Yuddh bhi hue, Alexander ke abhiyaan se lekar Kalinga yuddh tak.

Let’s Explore (page 89)

Samraaton ne alag-alag logon ko mel-jol se kaise rakha? Group charcha ke liye vichaar: ve tributary rajaon aur sthaaniya mukhiyaon ko apne ilaake chalaane aur apne reeti-rivaaz rakhne dete the; sabhi dharmon aur vichaar ke sampradaayon ka samman aur sahaara karte the, jaise Ashoka ne har sampradaay se doosron ka samman karne ko kaha; logon se Prakrit jaisi vyaapak roop se samjhi jaane waali bhaasha mein baat karte the; sadkein, vishraam-ghar aur baazaar banaate the jo logon ko jodte the; nishpaksh rehne ko kahe gaye adhikaariyon se nyaay dete the; akaal ya beemaari mein madad karte the; aur sthaaniya jhagde rokne ke liye sena rakhte the.

Raja samrajya kyun chaahe? Aur kaaran. Book mein diye shohrat, sansaadhan aur daulat ke alaava raja ye bhi chaah sakta tha: padosiyon pe niyantran se apni seema surakshit karna; tax ke liye nadiyon, vyapaar ke raaston aur bandargaahon pe kabza; kheti ke liye zyaada zameen aur tax dene waale zyaada log; vyapaari kaafilon ki raksha; chhote rajyon ke beech lagaataar yuddh khatam karna; apna dharm ya vichaar failaana; kisi hamle ka badla lena, jaise Alexander Greece pe Persian hamlon ka badla lena chaahta tha; ya bas virodhiyon se zyaada taakatwar dikhna.

Let’s Explore (page 91)

Yuddh ke alaava shaasak aur kaunse tareeke apna sakte the? Sample vichaar: doosre shaasakon se gathbandhan aur sandhiyan; shaahi parivaaron ke beech shaadiyan; doot, uphaar aur kootneeti; wafaadaari aur tribute ke badle kamzor rajyon ko suraksha; sthaaniya rajaon se vaada ki ve tributary bankar apni gaddi pe rahenge; vyapaar ke samjhaute jo kshetron ko samrajya se jodein; aur achha shaasan aur kalyan jisse log shaasak ka swaagat karein.

Let’s Explore (page 93)

Vyapaariyon ki madad karne waali bhaugolik visheshtaayein. Vyapaar ke raaston ke naqshe pe: samtal, upjaau Ganga ke maidaan, jinke aar-paar Uttarapatha chalta hai; Ganga aur Yamuna jaisi nadiyan, jinki ghaatiyan sadkon ko raah dikhaati hain aur jinka paani naav le jaata hai; pahaadiyon ke beech ke raaste, jaise Dakshinapatha Kaushambi se Ujjayini tak Vindhya kshetra paar karta hai; uttar-pashchimi pahaadon ke darre, jo Takshashila se aage le jaate hain; Bharukachchha, Sopara aur Tamralipti jaise bandargaahon waale lambe tat; aur Deccan ka pathaar, jise Pratishthana aur Suvarnagiri jaane waale raaste paar karte hain.

Us samay aawajaahi ke kaunse saadhan the? Zameen pe: paidal, bojh uthaate kuli; bail-gaadiyan; bail, gadhe aur khachchar jaise bojh dhone waale jaanwar; ghode; haathi; aur sookhe uttar-pashchim mein oont. Paani pe: Ganga aur Son jaisi nadiyon mein naavein, nadi paar karne ke liye ferry, aur tat ke saath aur samudra paar jahaaz.

Let’s Explore (page 94)

Kitne tarah ke hathiyaar, aur lohe ke kya upyog? Panel mein kam se kam chaar tarah ke hathiyaar dikhte hain: teerandaazon ke dhanush-baan, talwaarein, bhaale, aur dhaalein; haathi sawaar apne haathiyon ko kaabu karne ke liye ankush bhi pakde hain. Loha teer ki nok, talwaar ke phal aur bhaale ki nok mein, ankush mein, rath aur ghode ke saaz ke hisson mein, aur un chheniyon mein bhi laga hoga jinse moortikaaron ne ye panel taraasha. Sainik ek deewaar, darwaazon aur chhajjon waale shehar ke chaaron or paidal, ghodon pe aur haathiyon pe ladte hain.

Avsheshon ki peti ke oopar chhatri kyun rakhi gayi? Praacheen Bharat mein chhatri, yaani chhattra, samman, raajsi pad aur pavitrata ka nishaan thi; bade log uske neeche chalte the. Peti ke oopar chhatri rakhna dikhata hai ki log Buddha ke avsheshon ka kitna gehra samman karte the, maano khud Buddha maujood hon, aur isse unhe chhaaya aur suraksha bhi milti thi. Isi kaaran stupon ke oopar bhi chhatriyan banaayi jaati hain.

Don’t Miss Out (page 97)

Satraps itni taakat kaise rakh paate the? Ve overlord se door ke praant chalaate the, aur us zamaane mein khabar aur aadesh pahunchne mein hafte ya mahine lagte the, isliye zyaadatar faisle unhe khud lene padte the. Sthaaniya sena unke haath mein thi, ve tax ikattha karte the, aur zameen aur logon ko door baithe shaasak se kahin behtar jaante the, jo praant mein vyavastha ke liye unhi pe nirbhar tha. Jab overlord mar jaata, jaise Alexander mara, to unhe rokne waali koi mazboot kendriya shakti nahi bachti thi, aur kai satraps khud raja ban gaye.

Think About It (page 97)

Alexander poori duniya pe raaj kyun karna chaahta tha, aur use kya milta? Sample jawaab: Alexander jawaan, mahatvakaankshi aur shohrat ka bhookha tha. Vo sabse mahaan raja ke roop mein yaad kiya jaana, jise vo duniya ka ant samajhta tha vahan tak pahunchna, aur Greece pe pehle hue Persian hamlon ka badla lena chaahta tha. Use bahut saari daulat aur tribute milti, Europe, Asia aur Africa ko jodne waale vyapaar ke raaston pe niyantran, zyaada sainik aur sansaadhan, Greek sanskriti ka phailaav, aur hamesha ki shohrat. Phir bhi uski maut ke turant baad uska samrajya bikhar gaya, jo dikhata hai ki itni vishaal zameen sambhaalna kitna mushkil hai.

Let’s Explore (page 97)

Porus aur Alexander ki ladaai ka naatak. Teacher ke saath ye baatein dhoondho: ladaai lagbhag 326 BCE mein Punjab mein Hydaspes nadi, jise aaj Jhelum kehte hain, ke kinaare hui. Greek lekhak batate hain ki Alexander ne toofaan waali raat mein chupke se uphanti nadi paar ki, Porus yuddh ke haathiyon ke saath lada aur ghaayal hone par bhi ladta raha, aur Alexander uski bahaaduri se prabhaavit hua. Naatak ki ek sample yojana:

• Scene 1: nadi kinaare Porus ka shivir, uske haathi aur sainik taiyaar; doosre kinaare Alexander ki sena.
• Scene 2: toofaani raat, Alexander ke sainik oopar ki or chupke se nadi paar karte hain.
• Scene 3: ladaai, daudte haathi, ghabraate ghode aur ghaayal Porus jo haar nahi maanta.
• Scene 4: Alexander ke saamne Porus. Poochha jaata hai ki vo kaisa vyavhaar chaahta hai, to vo kehta hai, “Raja jaisa.” Alexander use satrap bana kar uske rajya ka mukhiya rehne deta hai.

Ek sootradhaar jodo, aur sirf jeet nahi, dono pakshon ki bahaaduri dikhao.

Think About It (page 103)

Gaon-dehaat ka khaas dhyaan rakhna kyun zaroori tha? Saari aarthik gatividhi gaon-dehaat se shuru hoti hai: kisaan vo anaaj ugaate hain jo shehron aur sena ka pet bharta hai, aur jangal aur khadaanein lakdi, haathi aur loha deti hain. Zyaadatar log vahin rehte the, aur zyaadatar tax kheti se aata tha. Jaisa chapter ki shuruaat mein dikha, samrajya ko sena, adhikaariyon aur sadkon ke liye anaaj, sansaadhan aur paisa chahiye. Gaon samriddh hon to khazaana bharta hai aur raja taakatwar hota hai; gaon dukhi hon to poora samrajya kamzor hota hai. Isliye baandh aur sadak ke pul banaane, gaon sundar banaane aur unki raksha karne waalon ko badhaava dena samajhdaari thi.

Let’s Explore (page 103)

Kautilya ka samrajya aur aaj ka rashtra, tulna. Group charcha ke liye, ang dar ang:

• Raja (swami): aaj Bharat mein rashtra ke pramukh Rashtrapati hain aur Pradhan Mantri ke netritva mein chuni hui sarkaar hai, jo janm se nahi, chunaav se aati hai.
• Mantri (amatya): mantri-parishad aur civil services.
• Ilaaka aur log (janapada): desh ka ilaaka aur uske naagrik, aisi seemaaon ke andar jinhe doosre desh maante hain.
• Kile-band shehar (durga): seema pe raksha chaukiyan aur yojana se bane shehar.
• Khazaana (kosha): tax, sarkaar ka budget aur Reserve Bank.
• Raksha aur vyavastha (danda): thal sena, nau sena aur vaayu sena, police aur adaalatein.
• Mitra (mitra): dost desh, sandhiyan aur United Nations jaisi antarrashtriya sansthaayein.

Kya milta-julta hai: dono ka lakshya sthir, surakshit aur samriddh desh hai, aur dono kehte hain ki logon ka kalyan sabse pehle aana chahiye. Kya alag hai: aaj ke loktantra mein shakti logon se aati hai, likha hua Samvidhan shaasakon pe seema lagaata hai, har naagrik ke barabar adhikaar aur vote hai, aur koi kshetra doosre ko tribute nahi deta.

Think About It (page 104)

Ashoka ne vinaashkaari Kalinga yuddh ki baat kyun maani? Sample jawaab: Yuddh ki baat maanne se uska hriday-parivartan vishvasneeya bana, kyunki log dekh sakte the ki use sach mein dukh ka pachhtaava tha aur vo shaanti ka sandesh dil se de raha tha. Isse uski praja aur aane waale shaasakon ko yuddh ki asli keemat samajh aayi. Sach bolna us dharma se bhi mel khaata tha jiska vo prachaar karta tha. Aur shaayad isse use Kalinga aur doosre jeete gaye ilaakon ke logon ka bharosa jeetne mein madad mili.

Bhaasha aur lipi (page 105)

Rozmarra ki zindagi ke udaaharan. Hindi, Marathi, Nepali aur Sanskrit Devanagari lipi mein likhi jaati hain, English Roman alphabet mein, aur Bharat mein Punjabi Gurmukhi mein. Ek hi bhaasha alag lipiyon mein likhi ja sakti hai: jab hum phone pe Hindi shabd Roman aksharon mein type karte hain, to bhaasha Hindi hai par lipi Roman, bilkul is website ke Hinglish pages ki tarah. Hamaare note pe ek hi rakam kai bhaashaaon aur lipiyon mein likhi hoti hai.

Let’s Explore (page 107)

Kya adhikaariyon ko diye Ashoka ke nirdesh kaam aate? Sample jawaab: Shaayad haan, kaafi had tak. Nirdesh saaf the: adhikaariyon ko logon ka sneh jeetna tha, har kisi ko raja ki apni santaan maanna tha, nishpaksh aur shaant rehna tha, aur bina thos kaaran kisi ko jail mein nahi daalna ya sataana nahi tha. Inhe saarvajanik roop se khudwaane se log jaante the ki kya ummeed karein aur adhikaari jaante the ki un pe nazar hai, aur har paanch saal mein daure pe aane waale nireekshak se javaabdehi badhti thi. Nishpaksh vyavhaar se log sarkaar pe bharosa karte, khushi se tax dete aur shaanti se rehte, jo ek vishaal samrajya ko jod kar rakhne mein madad karta. Par seemaayein bhi thin: paanch saal ka antar lamba hai, samrajya vishaal tha, khabar dheere chalti thi, aur bahut kuch khud nireekshakon ki imaandaari pe tika tha.

Let’s Explore (page 109)

Itihaaskaar ki tarah socho: kalaakritiyan kya batati hain? Terracotta naachti ladki ka sir ka gehna, baalon ki sajaavat aur zevar dikhaate hain ki log fashion ka dhyaan rakhte the aur sangeet aur naach pasand karte the. Devi ki moortiyan, chanwar pakde yakshi aur saat maatrikaayein dikhaati hain ki log kiski pooja karte the, ek parampara jo aaj bhi chal rahi hai. Terracotta ghode ki saji hui lagaam dikhaati hai ki ghode keemti the aur unki achhi dekhbhaal hoti thi. Chamakdaar patthar ke stambh, Sanchi ka Mahaan Stupa aur Dhauli mein chattaan se taraasha asli aakaar ka haathi kushal kalaakaar, Buddh dharm aur kala ko sahaara dene waale shaasak, aur sakht patthar ko roop de sakne waale lohe ke auzaar dikhaate hain. Saath milkar ye ek samriddh, basaa hua samaaj sujhaate hain jismein kushal kaarigar aur alag-alag aasthaayein thin.

Let’s Explore (page 112)

Sikkon ke nishaanon ka kya matlab ho sakta hai? Sample anumaan: kirnon ya pankhudiyon waala gol nishaan suraj ho sakta hai, jo roshni, jeevan ya shaasak ki shakti ka prateek ho; chhah bhujaaon waala nishaan raajsi adhikaar ya pahiye ka prateek ho sakta hai; ek ke oopar ek do ghere jaisa dikhne waala nishaan taksaal ya sikka jaari karne waale ka chinh ho sakta hai. Doosre punch-marked sikkon pe bail ya haathi jaise jaanwar hain, shaayad taakat aur daulat ke liye, aur pahaad, ped ya nadiyan, shaayad jagahon ke liye. Chhote extra nishaan shaayad un vyapaariyon ya adhikaariyon ne thoke jo sikkon ki jaanch karte the. Itihaaskaar aaj bhi inmein se kai arthon pe bahas karte hain.

Questions and activities (pages 114–115)

1. Samrajya ki visheshtaayein kya hain, aur ye rajya se kaise alag hai? Samrajya ka ek sarvochch shaasak, samraat, hota hai jiska kai tributary ilaakon aur rajaon pe adhikaar hota hai. Ye tributary rajyon ko kaabu mein rakhne, vistaar karne aur apni raksha ke liye sena rakhta hai; aisa prashaasan chalaata hai jismein adhikaari ilaake sambhaalte, tax ikattha karte aur vyavastha rakhte hain; kaanoon banaata hai, sikke, baat aur maap jaari karta hai aur vyapaar ke niyam tay karta hai; khadaanon, jangalon, khet ki upaj aur shram-shakti jaise sansaadhan sambhaalta hai; kala, sahitya, dharmon aur shiksha ko badhaava deta hai; aur sadkon, nadi aur samudri raaston aur doosre buniyaadi dhaanche ka khayaal rakhta hai. Rajya ek ilaaka hai jispe uska raja seedhe raaj karta hai, aam taur pe ek kshetra ke logon pe. Samrajya kai rajyon aur ilaakon ko jodta hai, aksar yuddh se jeete hue, jismein kai bhaashaaon aur reeti-rivaazon ke log hote hain; uske sthaaniya raja raaj karte rehte hain par samraat ko tribute dete hain.

2. Rajyon se samrajya banne ke kuch zaroori kaaran kya hain?

• Praakritik sansaadhan: bache anaaj ke liye upjaau zameen, lakdi aur haathiyon ke liye jangal, loha aur doosre khanij.
• Lohe ki takneek: badi fasal ke liye hal aur halke, tez hathiyaar.
• Bacha hua anaaj, jisse zyaada log kaarigar, vyapaari aur sainik ban sake.
• Aawajaahi aur vyapaar ke liye nadiyan aur sadkein, jaise Ganga aur Son aur Uttarapatha aur Dakshinapatha.
• Vyapaar aur tax, jinse badi senaaon ka kharcha chala, aur sikke jinse vyapaar aasaan hua.
• Haathiyon, ghodon aur paidal sainikon waali mazboot senaayein.
• Mahapadma Nanda, Chandragupta aur Kautilya jaise kaabil shaasak aur salaahkaar, aur mazboot prashaasan.
• Kamzor ya napasand virodhi, jaise Dhana Nanda aur Alexander ke baad ke Greek satraps.

3. Alexander ko duniya ke itihaas mein mahatvapoorn raja kyun maana jaata hai? Lagbhag das saal mein usne us samay tak duniya ke sabse bade samrajyon mein se ek banaaya, teen mahaadweepon pe, Greece aur Egypt se Persia hote hue Indus tak. Usne vishaal ilaake mein Greek sanskriti failaayi aur Mediterranean duniya ko Persia aur Bharat se joda. Bharat mein uske abhiyaan ka raajneetik asar kam raha, par isne Indo-Greek saanskritik sampark ka darwaaza khola, aur Gymnosophists ke saath uske samvaad jaisi kahaaniyan Greek aur Bharatiya darshan ke milan ki nishaani hain. Uski kahaani jeet ki seema bhi dikhaati hai: uski thaki sena ne aage badhne se mana kar diya, aur uski maut ke turant baad uska samrajya toot gaya.

4. Praacheen Bharatiya itihaas mein Mauryon ko mahatvapoorn maana jaata hai. Kaaran batao. Unhone Bharat ke sabse bade samrajyon mein se ek banaaya aur pehli baar lagbhag poore upmahadweep ko joda. Unhone vyapaar ke raaste aur arthvyavastha mazboot ki, aur sikke khoob chalne lage. Unhone Kautilya ke Arthashastra ke vichaaron pe chalne waala vistrit prashaasan chalaaya aur yojana se bane shehar banaaye. Unki kala ne, bahut chamakdaar stambhon, stupon aur Barabar pahaadiyon jaisi chattaan kaatkar bani gufaaon ke saath, naye maanak banaaye. Ashoka ke edicts kisi shaasak ke apni praja ko diye sabse purane sandeshon mein se hain, jo poore desh mein Brahmi mein likhe gaye, aur dharma, kalyan aur sabhi sampradaayon ke samman ke uske vichaar aaj bhi prerna dete hain. Hamaara rashtriya chinh, Sarnath ka lion capital, aur hamaare jhande ka dharmachakra unhi se aaye hain.

5. Kautilya ke kuch mukhya vichaar kya the, aur inmein se kaunse aaj dikhte hain?

• Saptanga: rajya ko shaasak, mantri, ilaaka aur log, kile-band shehar, khazaana, raksha aur vyavastha ki shaktiyan, aur mitra chahiye. Aaj har desh ki sarkaar, mantri aur adhikaari, ilaaka aur naagrik, budget, sena aur police, aur dost desh hote hain.
• Kalyan pehle: shaasak ki khushi praja ki khushi mein hai. Aaj sarkaarein sehat, bhojan aur shiksha ki kalyan yojanaayein chalaati hain.
• Gaon-dehaat ka dhyaan, jo saari aarthik gatividhi ka srot hai: aaj hum gaon ki sadkein, sinchaai, baandh aur kisaanon ko madad dekhte hain.
• Bhrashtaachaar ke khilaaf kaanoon aur logon ko nuksaan pahunchaane ki saza waala mazboot prashaasan: aaj bhrashtaachaar-virodhi kaanoon, adaalatein aur police hain.
• Yuddh ke saath gathbandhan se bhi shaanti: aaj desh sandhiyan karte aur saajhedaari banaate hain.

6. Ashoka aur uske samrajya mein kya anokha tha, aur kya aaj bhi Bharat ko prabhaavit karta hai? Lagbhag 250 shabdon ki ek sample raay:

Ashoka shuru se anokha tha, kyunki uska samrajya Afghanistan se Bangladesh tak, lagbhag poore upmahadweep pe phaila tha. Par use sach mein khaas banaata hai jeet ke baad ka uska kaam. Zyaadatar vijeta apni jeet ka jashn manaate hain; Ashoka ne Kalinga yuddh ki maut aur tabaahi dekhi, dukh mehsoos kiya, aur jahan tak ek shaasak ke liye mumkin tha, hinsa chhod di. Usse bhi anokhi baat ye ki usne apne kaaran hue dukh ko maana aur ye kahaani apne edicts mein sabke padhne ke liye khudwaayi. Usne poore desh mein chattaanon aur stambhon pe edicts ke zariye seedhe apne logon se baat ki, Prakrit mein, jo aam log samajhte the, aur Brahmi lipi mein. Usne khud ko doosron ko daya se dekhne waala kaha aur vaisa banne ki koshish ki: logon aur jaanwaron ka ilaaj, sadkon pe kuen, vishraam-ghar aur chhaayaadaar ped, jaanwaron pe kroorta pe rok, aur nishpaksh rehne ke liye kahe gaye adhikaari. Usne har sampradaay ke logon se ek doosre ka samman karne aur seekhne ko kaha, aur shaanti ka sandesh failaane videsh doot bheje.

Iska bahut kuch aaj bhi Bharat ko roop deta hai. Sarnath mein uske stambh ka lion capital hamaara rashtriya chinh hai, aur uska dharmachakra hamaare jhande ke beech mein hai, jo satya aur dharma ki yaad dilaata hai. Sabhi aasthaaon ke liye uska samman dharmon ke beech mel-jol ke Bharatiya aadarsh mein jeevit hai, aur shaasak ko logon ke kalyan ke liye kaam karna chahiye, ye uska vichaar aaj hamaari sarkaaron ka lakshya hai. Brahmi se hamaari zyaadatar lipiyan baneen. Sabse badhkar, taakat ki jagah shaanti chunne ka uska faisla aaj bhi ahinsa mein vishvaas karne waale netaaon ko prerna deta hai, isliye mujhe lagta hai vo yaad kiye jaane ka haqdaar hai.

7. Kya Ashoka doosre dhaarmik vishvaason aur vichaar ke sampradaayon ke prati sahishnu tha? Haan. Ashoka khud Buddha ki seekh maanta tha, phir bhi ye edict dikhata hai ki usne har samooh ke maamle dekhne ke liye Dhamma ke adhikaari niyukt kiye: Buddhist Sangh, brahman, Ajivika, Jain aur kai doosre sampradaay, sanyaasi aur grihasth dono. Usne inmein se kisi pe rok nahi lagaayi, na kisi ko nazarandaaz kiya. Uske ek aur edict ne sabhi sampradaayon se ek doosre ki achhi seekhon ka samman aur adhyayan karne ko kaha. To vo sahishnu tha: vo chaahta tha ki har vichaar ke sampradaay ke saath nyaay ho aur sab mel-jol se rahein.

8. Brahmi lipi pe ek chhota project. Kya shaamil karo:

• Brahmi Bharat ki sabse purani lipiyon mein se ek hai; 3rd century BCE ke Ashoka ke zyaadatar edicts Brahmi mein likhi Prakrit mein hain.
• Ye baayein se daayein likhi jaati hai, aur matraayein vyanjanon se judti hain, jaise aaj Devanagari mein.
• Sadiyon tak use na hone ke baad koi ise padh nahi paata tha, jab tak 1837 mein James Prinsep ne ise padhne ka tareeka nahi dhoondh liya, jisse Ashoka ke edicts khul gaye.
• Bharat ki zyaadatar lipiyan isi se baneen: uttar aur poorv mein Devanagari, Bengali–Assamese, Gurmukhi, Gujarati aur Odia; dakshin mein Kannada, Telugu, Tamil aur Malayalam; aur Bharat ke baahar Sinhala, Tibetan, Thai, Khmer aur Burmese.

Project ke vichaar: lipiyon ka family tree banao; teacher ki madad se Brahmi aksharon ka chart dhoondho aur usmein apna naam likho; Girnar, Dhauli ya Sarnath ke edicts ki tasveerein ikatthi karo; aur ho sake to koi lekh dekhne museum jaao.

9. 3rd century BCE mein tum Kaushambi se Kaveripattinam kaise jaate, aur kitna samay lagta? Vyapaar ke raaston ke naqshe pe aadhaarit sample yojana:

• Raasta A, mukhya sadak: Kaushambi se Dakshinapatha pakdo, dakshin-pashchim mein Ujjayini aur phir dakshin mein Godavari ke kinaare Pratishthana tak; phir doosre raaste se dakshin mein Suvarnagiri; vahan se sthaaniya sadkein dakshin-poorv mein Kanchipura aur phir neeche Kaveri ke muhaane ke bandargaah Kaveripattinam tak le jaati hain. Ye raasta bade shehron se guzarta hai jahan aaraam kar sakte ho aur saamaan khareed sakte ho.
• Raasta B, shaayad chhota: Kaushambi se dakshin mein Krishna ke muhaane ke paas poorvi tat tak jaane waala raasta lo, phir tat ke saath sadak ya naav se Kanchipura aur Kaveripattinam tak.
• Kaise: suraksha ke liye vyapaariyon ke kaafile ke saath, paidal ya bail-gaadi se, bojh dhone waale jaanwaron ke saath chalo; sookhe mausam mein, monsoon ke baad jaao, jab nadiyan neeche hon aur sadkein pakki; Narmada, Godavari aur Krishna jaisi badi nadiyan ferry se paar karo; aur shehron, kuon aur vishraam-gharon pe ruko, jo Ashoka ke anusaar usne mukhya sadkon pe banwaaye the.
• Kitna samay: dono raaste lagbhag 2,000 kilometre ya usse zyaada hain. Roz lagbhag 20 kilometre ke hisaab se ye lagbhag 100 din ka safar hai; aaraam, kharaab mausam aur nadi paar karne ke padaavon ke saath lagbhag chaar mahine maano. Ghode pe lagbhag aadha samay lag sakta hai.

Revision ke liye Chapter 5 ke notes dekho, ya topics vistaar se padho: Magadha ka uday, Maurya samrajya aur Ashoka aur samrajya kya hai.