Samrajya kya hai?

Sabse badi shakti

Angrezi shabd empire ki jadein Latin imperium mein hain, jiska matlab hai ‘sabse badi shakti’. Saral shabdon mein, samrajya chhote rajyon ya ilaakon ka aisa samooh hai jo ek taakatwar shaasak, ya shaasakon ke samooh, ke niyantran mein hota hai, aam taur pe unhe yuddh mein haraane ke baad. Praacheen Sanskrit granth samraat ki upaadhiyon mein yahi vichaar dikhaate hain: samraj, ‘sabka maalik’ ya ‘sarvochch shaasak’; adhiraja, ‘overlord’; aur rajadhiraja, ‘rajaon ka raja’. Bharat ka itihaas aise samrajyon se bhara hai jo uthe, phaile, kuch samay chale aur phir khatam ho gaye; upmahadweep pe raaj karne waala aakhri samrajya ek sadi se bhi kam pehle khatam hua.

Samraat aur tributary rajya

Samrajya mein chhote ilaakon ke apne shaasak aam taur pe bane rehte the, par har ek samraat ka tributary ban jaata tha. Tributary tribute deta tha, yaani paisa, sone jaisi keemti dhaatuein, anaaj, maweshi, haathi ya apni zameen mein bana doosra saamaan, adheenta, wafaadaari ya samman dikhaane ke liye. Tributary ka doosra naam vassal hai: vo samraat ko apna overlord maanta tha. Badle mein samraat aam taur pe kshetriya rajaon ya mukhiyaon ko apne ilaake chalaane dete the. Samraat in saari zameenon ko ek rajdhani se chalaata tha, jo aksar vyapaar aur prashaasan ka bada kendra hoti thi.

Samrajya ki chhah visheshtaayein

Samrajya ke kendra mein saare tributary ilaakon aur rajaon pe samraat ka adhikaar hai. Iske chaaron or book chhah visheshtaayein ginaati hai. Samrajya:

1. sena rakhta hai, tributary rajyon ko kaabu mein rakhne, vistaar karne aur hamle se bachne ke liye;
2. prashaasan chalaata hai, jismein adhikaari ilaake sambhaalte, tax ikattha karte aur kaanoon-vyavastha banaaye rakhte hain;
3. kaanoon banaata hai, sikke, baat aur maap jaari karta hai, aur vyapaar ke niyam tay karta hai;
4. khadaanon, jangal aur khet ki upaj, aur shram-shakti jaise sansaadhan sambhaalta hai;
5. kala, sahitya, dharmon, vichaar ke sampradaayon aur shiksha ke kendron ko badhaava deta hai;
6. sarkaar, vyapaar aur kalyan ke liye sadkon, nadi aur samudri raaston aur doosre buniyaadi dhaanche ka khayaal rakhta hai.

Samraat kyun banna?

Samrajya chalaana mushkil hai: uske log alag bhaashaayein bolte aur alag reeti-rivaaz maante hain, aur uski seemaayein lambi hoti hain. To raja samrajya kyun chaahte the? Kuch ‘poori duniya pe raaj’ ka sapna dekhte the, yaani vishaal zameen aur hamesha rehne waali shohrat. Kuch nayi zameenon ke sansaadhan chaahte the, aarthik aur sainik taakat badhaane ke liye, ya bas bahut saari daulat. Shaasak nadiyon aur vyapaar ke network pe bhi niyantran chaahte the, unse milne waale saamaan aur tax ke liye. Aksar ek rajya padosiyon pe hamle se shuruaat karta tha, seema jaisi zaroori jagahon pe kile banaata tha, aur aapas mein ladte kai rajyon mein jiske paas sabse mazboot sena aur sabse zyaada bache sansaadhan hote, vahi overlord banta tha.

Vyapaar se shakti

Sainik abhiyaan, khaaskar ghar se door, mehnge hote hain. Sainikon ko khaana, kapde, hathiyaar aur vetan chahiye; haathiyon aur ghodon ki dekhbhaal chahiye; aur sadkein ya jahaaz banaane padte hain. Iske liye aarthik taakat, kaam karne waale log aur sansaadhan chahiye. Isliye utpaadan aur vyapaar samrajya ko tikaaye rakhne ki chaabi hain, aur logon ke kalyan ki bhi, jiski parwaah achhe shaasak ko hoti hai. Samrajya ke andar aur baahar vyapaar ke raaston pe niyantran ka matlab tha zyaada saamaan, utpaadakon ki zyaada kamaai aur zyaada tax. Praacheen Bharat kapda, masaale, khet ki upaj, ratn, hastashilp aur jaanwar desh ke andar aur door-door tak bechta tha.

Vyapaari aur doosre log guilds (shrenis) mein sangathit hote the, jinka mukhiya chuna jaata tha aur jinke adhikaariyon se imaandaari ki ummeed thi. Sadasya sahyog karte the, sansaadhan aur baazaar aur kaamgaaron ki jaankaari baantte the, aur apne niyam khud banaate the; raja ko dakhal nahi dena tha. Gaon ki samitiyon ki tarah guilds bhi dikhati hain ki Bharatiya samaaj khud ko kitni achhi tarah sangathit kar sakta tha.

Samrajya naazuk kyun hote hain

Roman aur Persian se lekar Ottoman aur British tak, saare shaktishaali samrajya khatam ho gaye. Itihaaskaar kai kaaran batate hain. Agar samraat ko lambe yuddhon ya sookhe mein zyaada sansaadhan chahiye, to tribute ki bhaari maangon se naraazgi badhti hai. Agar taakatwar samraat ke baad kamzor aata hai, to sthaaniya raja tribute dena band kar sakte hain. Samrajya jitna bada, use sambhaalna utna mushkil, aur door ke ilaake sabse pehle alag hote hain. Lamba sookha ya baadh jaisi praakritik aapdaayein bhi use hila sakti hain. Yahi samrajyon ka virodhaabhaas hai: ve raajneetik ekta, chhote rajyon ke beech kam yuddh aur zyaada samriddhi la sakte hain, par aam taur pe yuddh se bante aur taakat se chalte hain, jo unhe naazuk banaata hai.

Ye kyun zaroori hai

Ye vichaar Bharat ke pehle samrajyon ki kahaani samjhaate hain: Magadha kaise utha, aur Mauryon ne samrajya kaise banaaya aur sambhaala, ye Maurya samrajya aur Ashoka mein. Har sawaal ka jawaab Chapter 5 ke NCERT solutions mein hai; poore Chapter 5 ke notes bhi dekho.