Class 8 Science Chapter 12: How Nature Works in Harmony (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
How Nature Works in Harmony dikhaata hai ki jeevit cheezein aur unka nirjeev maahaul gehraai se jude hain. Jeev population aur samudaay banaate hain, jo hawa, paani, mitti aur dhoop ke saath ecosystem banaate hain. Food chains milkar food web banti hain, decomposers poshak tatva lautaate hain, aur ek badlaav kai badlaav laata hai, isliye ecosystem ki raksha aur tikaau kheti zaroori hai.
Ye chapter kis baare mein hai?
Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand aur Chhattisgarh ke kuch hisson mein haathi tab kheton mein aa jaate hain jab unke jungle sookhte aur sikudte hain. Baarish se jungle, jungle se haathi aur haathi se kisaan tak ki ye kadi dikhaati hai ki prakriti ke hisse kitne jude hain. Chapter in rishton ko samajhta hai: kaun saath rehta hai, kaun kise khaata hai, kachra kaise recycle hota hai, aur insaani kaam santulan kaise bigaad sakte hain.
Aavaas, population aur samudaay
Aavaas wo jagah hai jahaan koi jeev rehta hai, jismein jaivik (jeevit) aur ajaivik (nirjeev) ghatak hote hain. Talaab machhli ko bhojan, oxygen, chhupne ki jagah aur failne ki jagah deta hai. Ek aavaas mein ek tarah ke jeevon ka samooh population hai; saari populations milkar samudaay banaati hain; aur samudaay apne nirjeev maahaul ke saath ecosystem banata hai. Padhein: ecosystem kya hai?.
Kriyaayein
Jeevit cheezein nirjeev cheezon se kriya karti hain, nirjeev cheezein ek-doosre par asar daalti hain, aur jeev ek-doosre par. Kenchue ko nam mitti chahiye, dhoop vaashpikaran tez karti hai, aur mendhak keede khaata hai. Asar dono taraf hota hai: paudhe oxygen chhodte hain, jadein mitti thaamti hain, aur paudhe zameen ko nam aur hawa ko thanda rakhte hain. Ecosystem jaliya ya sthaliya, bade ya chhote ho sakte hain, aur aksar ek-doosre mein mil jaate hain.
Kaun kise khaata hai
Hare paudhe utpaadak hain: wo apna bhojan khud banaate hain. Upbhokta doosron par nirbhar hain: shaakaahaari paudhe khaate hain, maansaahaari jaanvar aur sarvaahaari dono. Food chain batati hai kaun kise khaata hai, har kadam ek poshan star hai, aur ek ecosystem ki chains milkar food web banaati hain. Padhein: food chain aur decomposers.
Kuch bhi bekaar nahi
Fungi, bacteria aur gobar ke bhaunre jaise chhote keede decomposers hain: ye mare paudhon, jaanvaron aur mal ko saral padaarthon mein todkar poshak tatva mitti mein lautaate hain, jinhe paudhe phir istemaal karte hain. Prakriti mein sab kuch dobara kaam aata hai.
Santulan aur badlaav
Ek badlaav kai aur badlaav laa sakta hai: 1980 ke dashak mein jab Bharat ne bahut saari mendhak ki taangein export ki, to mendhak ghate, keet badhe aur kisaanon ne zyada keetnaashak daale, jab tak export par roak nahi lagi. Pratispardha aur sahopakaarita, sahbhojita aur parjeevita jaise rishte populations ko santulit rakhte hain, haalaanki santulan hamesha badalta rehta hai. Padhein: ecosystem ki raksha.
Ecosystem aur hum
Jungle taazi hawa, upjaau mitti, bhojan, resha, lakdi aur davaaiyaan dete hain, aur jal-sroton se paani aur bhojan milta hai. Phir bhi Sundarbans jaise ecosystem, jo duniya ka sabse bada mangrove jungle hai, kataai, shikaar aur pradooshan se khatre mein hain. Sanrakshit kshetra, sansaadhanon ka soch-samajhkar upyog aur tikaau kheti prakriti ko swasth rakhne mein madad karte hain.
Aage badhne se pehle
Har jeevit cheez doosron par aur apne nirjeev maahaul par nirbhar hai, aur insaani kaam is jaal ko ya to bigaad sakte hain ya bacha sakte hain. Har sawaal ka jawaab Chapter 12 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Aavaas (habitat) | Wo jagah jahaan koi jeev rehta hai aur use zaroori haalaat milte hain; ye ek ped ki chhaal jitni chhoti bhi ho sakti hai. |
| Jaivik aur ajaivik ghatak | Jaivik: jeevit hisse, jaise paudhe, jaanvar aur sookshmjeev. Ajaivik: nirjeev hisse, jaise hawa, paani, mitti, dhoop aur taapmaan. |
| Population | Ek hi tarah ke jeevon ka samooh jo kisi samay ek aavaas mein rehta hai. |
| Samudaay (community) | Ek aavaas mein saath rehne wali saari alag-alag populations. |
| Ecosystem (paaristhitik tantra) | Jeevon ka samudaay aur uske saath kriya karne wale nirjeev ghatak, milkar. |
| Utpaadak (producer, autotroph) | Hara paudha jaisa jeev jo prakaash sanshleshan se apna bhojan khud banaata hai. |
| Upbhokta (consumer, heterotroph) | Jeev jo bhojan ke liye doosron par nirbhar hai: shaakaahaari, maansaahaari ya sarvaahaari. |
| Apghatak (decomposer, saprotroph) | Fungi ya bacteria jaise jeev jo mare hue padaarth ko todkar poshak tatva mitti mein lautaate hain. |
| Food chain | Ecosystem mein bhojan ek jeev se doosre tak kis kram mein jaata hai, uska kram. |
| Poshan star (trophic level) | Food chain mein kisi jeev ki jagah; utpaadak pehle star par hote hain. |
| Food web | Ecosystem ki food chains aapas mein judkar jo jaal banaati hain. |
| Sahopakaarita, sahbhojita, parjeevita | Rishte jismein dono ko faayda; ek ko faayda aur doosre par asar nahi; ek ko faayda aur doosre ko nuksaan. |
| Sanrakshit kshetra (protected area) | Vanyajeevon aur unke ghar ki raksha ke liye alag rakhi zameen ya paani, jaise national park ya biosphere reserve. |
| Ekal kheti (monoculture) | Ek hi zameen par baar-baar ek hi fasal ugaana, jo jaiv-vividhta ghataata hai. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Talaab mein ek hi tarah ki machhliyon ka samooh hai:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) population
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Inmein se ajaivik ghatak kaun sa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) dhoop
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Mare hue padaarth ko todne wale jeev kehlaate hain:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) decomposers
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Utpaadak kis poshan star par hote hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) pehle
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Ped par ugta orchid kis rishte ki misaal hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) sahbhojita
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Sundarbans kis cheez ke liye mashhoor hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) mangrove jungle
Students ke sawal
Class 8 Science Chapter 12 ke mukhya topic kya hain?
Aavaas aur uske jaivik aur ajaivik ghatak; population, samudaay aur ecosystem; kriyaayein; utpaadak, upbhokta aur decomposers; food chain, poshan star aur food web; ek badlaav doosra kaise laata hai; jeevon ke rishte; ecosystem ke faayde aur khatre; sanrakshit kshetra; aur tikaau kheti.
Kya How Nature Works in Harmony naye NCERT Class 8 Science book mein hai?
Haan. Ye Grade 8 ki science textbook Curiosity ka Chapter 12 hai, 2026-27 reprint mein pages 190 se 209 tak.
Ecosystem kya hai?
Jeevon ka samudaay aur uske aas-paas ke nirjeev hisse, jaise hawa, paani, mitti aur dhoop, jo sab aapas mein kriya karte hain. Talaab, jungle aur ek bada ped bhi ecosystem ho sakte hain.
Decomposers kyon zaroori hain?
Ye mare hue paudhon, jaanvaron aur kachre ko saral padaarthon mein todkar poshak tatva mitti mein lautaate hain, jahaan paudhe unhe phir istemaal karte hain. Inke bina mara padaarth jama hota jaata aur mitti ki urvarta khatm ho jaati.
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