Padaarth ki avasthaayein
Short mein jawab
Padaarth solid, liquid aur gas ke roop mein milta hai. Solid ke kan jude hain aur sirf kaanpte hain, isliye solid ka aakaar aur aayatan tay hai. Liquid mein aakarshan thoda kam hai aur kan seemit jagah mein chalte hain, isliye sirf aayatan tay hai. Gas ke kan aazaadi se ghoomte hain aur gas har jagah bhar jaati hai.
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Teen avasthaayein, ek vichaar
Padaarth teen bhautik avasthaaon mein milta hai: solid, liquid aur gas. Avastha is baat se tay hoti hai ki kan ek doosre ko kitni zor se kheenchte hain. Ye interparticle aakarshan padaarth ke prakaar aur kanon ki doori par nirbhar karta hai, aur doori thodi si bhi badhe to ye tezi se kamzor ho jaata hai. Tagda aakarshan kanon ko jakde rakhta hai; kamzor aakarshan unhe ghoomne deta hai.
Solid
Lohe ki keel, sendha namak ka tukda, pathar, lakdi ka gutka, chaabi aur aluminium ka tukda, sab apna aakaar aur size banaaye rakhte hain: solid ka aakaar aur aayatan tay hota hai. Uske kan kase hue hote hain, aur tagda aakarshan unhe tay jagah par pakde rakhta hai, isliye ve sirf aage peechhe kaanp sakte hain, ek doosre ke paas se khisak nahi sakte. Garam karne par ve aur zor se kaanpte hain. Aakhir mein kan apni jagah chhod dete hain, aakarshan kamzor padta hai aur solid liquid ban jaata hai. Vaayumandaliya daab par jis sabse kam taapmaan par ye hota hai, use melting point kehte hain. Kamzor aakarshan waale solid aasaani se pighalte hain aur tagde aakarshan waalon ko bahut garmi chahiye: barf 0 °C par, urea 133 °C par aur loha 1538 °C par pighalta hai. Zyaadatar padaarthon mein liquid ke kan solid se thoda door hote hain; barf apvaad hai, kyunki uske kan paani se bhi door hote hain.
Liquid
200 mL paani ko ek ke baad ek alag aakaar ke teen bartanon mein daalo: wo har bartan ka aakaar le leta hai, phir bhi 200 mL hi rehta hai (agar bartan saaf na ho, to thoda paani deewaron par chipak sakta hai). Liquid ka aayatan tay hai par aakaar nahi, kyunki uske kan chal sakte hain, par sirf seemit jagah mein. Tum paani mein ungli chala sakte ho aur paani peechhe phir jud jaata hai, jo solid ke saath nahi ho sakta: aakarshan solid se thoda kam hai, par kanon ko paas rakhne laayak tagda hai. Boiling point par kan itni tezi se chalte hain ki poore liquid se vaashp ban kar nikalte hain aur bulbule bante hain. Evaporation dheema hai aur sirf satah par, kisi bhi taapmaan par, hota hai: isi se gira hua paani gaayab ho jaata hai.
Gas
Agarbatti ka dhuaan ek gas jar mein pakdo, use kaanch ki plate se dhako, doosra jar ulta karke upar rakho aur plate dheere se hata do: dhuaan dono jars mein bhar jaata hai. Gas ka na aakaar tay hai na aayatan; uske kan har disha mein aazaadi se chalte hain aur unke beech aakarshan lagbhag nahi hota. Dhuen ke kan bhi isliye dikhte hain kyunki na dikhne waale gas ke kan unse lagaataar takraate rehte hain. Iodine ki vaashp, jo band jar mein thos iodine rakhne se banti hai, bhi aise hi failti hai, par isse jalan ho sakti hai, isliye dhyaan se istemaal karni chahiye. Liquid aur gas dono behte hain aur bartan ka aakaar le lete hain, isliye inhe milaakar fluids kehte hain.
Garmi avastha tay karti hai
Kisi padaarth ki avastha uske kanon ki thermal (ushma) urja par nirbhar hai. Solid mein kanon ke paas kam urja hoti hai, ve paas rehte hain aur tagda aakarshan mehsoos karte hain, isliye sirf kaanpte hain. Melting point par mili urja aakarshan ko itna kam kar deti hai ki kan chal sakein, par ab bhi seemit jagah mein. Gas mein kanon ke paas itni urja hoti hai ki ve aakarshan ko poori tarah paar karke har disha mein aazaadi se ghoomte hain.
Ye kyun zaroori hai
Padaarth ki avasthaayein roz ki cheezein samjhaati hain, glass mein pighalte barf ke tukdon se lekar rassi par sookhte geele kapdon tak. Padaarth kis cheez se bana hai, ye padaarth kis cheez se bana hai? mein hai, aur kanon ki jagah aur gati kanon ke beech doori aur gati mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 7 ke notes bhi dekho.
Practice karo
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Melting point tak garam karne par solid ke kanon ka kya hota hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Itni zor se kaanpte hain ki apni tay jagah chhod dete hain
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Urea ka melting point kitna hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) 133 °C
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Liquid aur gas mein kaunsa gun saajha hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Dono behte hain
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Paani judi hatheliyon ka aakaar kyun leta hai aur chhodne par kyun kho deta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Paani liquid hai: uske kan ek doosre ke paas se khisak sakte hain, isliye jo use thaame uska aakaar le leta hai; chhodte hi use koi thaamne waala nahi rehta, isliye wo beh jaata hai.
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Hum pathar ya ret ka dher laga sakte hain, par paani ka kyun nahi?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Pathar aur ret ke daane solid hain, jinke kan tay jagah par jude hain, isliye har tukda apna aakaar rakhta hai aur doosron par tik sakta hai. Paani ke kan ek doosre ke paas se khisakte hain, isliye paani dher banne ki jagah beh kar fail jaata hai.
Students ke sawal
Padaarth ki teen avasthaayein kaunsi hain?
Solid, liquid aur gas. Solid ka aakaar aur aayatan tay hota hai; liquid ka aayatan tay hai par wo bartan ka aakaar leta hai; gas ka kuch bhi tay nahi aur wo saari uplabdh jagah bhar deti hai. Ye farq is baat se aata hai ki kan ek doosre ko kitna kheenchte hain aur kitni aazaadi se chal sakte hain.
Melting point kya hai?
Ye wo sabse kam taapmaan hai jis par vaayumandaliya daab par solid pighal kar liquid banta hai. Kamzor aakarshan waale padaarth kam taapmaan par pighalte hain, jaise barf 0 °C par, aur tagde aakarshan waale oonche taapmaan par, jaise loha 1538 °C par.
Liquid aur gas ko fluids kyun kehte hain?
Kyunki dono beh sakte hain aur kisi ka bhi aakaar tay nahi; ve apne bartan ka aakaar le lete hain. Solid nahi beh sakta, kyunki uske kan tay jagah par jude hote hain.
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