Padaarth kis cheez se bana hai?
Short mein jawab
Har padaarth bahut chhote constituent kanon ki behad badi sankhya se bana hai; ye kisi padaarth ki buniyaadi ikaai hain, itne chhote ki saadhaaran microscope se bhi na dikhein. Inke beech jagah hoti hai, aur aakarshan bal inhe jode rakhta hai. Acharya Kanad ne aise kanon ko parmanu kaha; aaj vaigyanik inhe atom aur molecule kehte hain.
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Kya ek daana aur toot sakta hai?
Nadi ke kinaare ke kankad, pathar aur ret kabhi pahaadon ki chattaan the. Kataav chattaanon ko todta hai, aur nadiyan tukdon ko neeche le jaate hue unhe kankad, ret aur aakhir mein baarik mitti bana deti hain. Kya ret ka daana chattaan ka sabse chhota tukda hai, ya ise aur toda ja sakta hai? Chalk aur cheeni ke saath aasaan activities is sawaal ka jawaab dene mein madad karti hain.
Chalk todna
Chalk ki stick ko do tukdon mein todo, tab tak todte raho jab tak haath se aur na toote, phir tukdon ko khal aur moosal se peeskar powder bana lo. Magnifying glass se dekho to har chhota daana ab bhi chalk ka kan hai: peesna bhautik parivartan hai, jaisa Class 7 mein dekha, aur sirf tukdon ka size badalta hai. Socho ki hum peeste hi rahein. Aakhir mein hum aisi ikaaiyon tak pahunchenge jo aur nahi toot sakti, chalk ki buniyaadi intein. Ye uske constituent kan hain, aur chalk ki ek stick mein inki behad badi sankhya hoti hai. Isi tarah ret aur mitti ke daane bhi chattaan ki sabse chhoti ikaai nahi; ve bhi anginat constituent kanon se bane hain.
Paani mein cheeni
Peene ke paani ke glass mein do chammach cheeni daalo, bina hilaaye, aur upar se ek chammach chakho: meetha nahi lagta. Cheeni ghulne tak hilaao aur phir chakho: ab meetha hai. Cheeni dikhti nahi, par wo wahan honi chahiye. Ghulne par cheeni apne constituent kanon mein toot jaati hai, jo fail kar paani ke kanon ke beech ki khaali jagah, yaani interparticle spaces, mein chale jaate hain. Cheeni ke har chhote daane mein aise laakhon laakhon kan hote hain, jo saadhaaran microscope se bhi dikhne ke liye bahut chhote hain.
Aakarshan se jude kan
Agar padaarth alag alag kanon se bana hai, to chalk ka tukda ek hi tukda kaise bana rehta hai? Kan ek doosre ko kheenchte hain. Ye interparticle aakarshan padaarth ke prakaar aur kanon ki doori par nirbhar hai; doori thodi si bhi badhe to ye bahut kamzor ho jaata hai. Iski taakat tay karti hai ki padaarth solid hai, liquid hai ya gas. Hawa bhi kanon se bani hai: isiliye gubbaare mein bhari hawa uska vajan badha deti hai.
Ek purana Bharatiya vichaar
Log bahut pehle se sochte aaye hain ki cheezon ko kitna toda ja sakta hai. Praacheen Bharatiya darshanik Acharya Kanad ne sabse pehle parmanu ki baat ki: unka maanna tha ki padaarth chhote, avibhaajya, shaashvat kanon se bana hai, aur ye vichaar unhone apne Vaisheshika Sutras mein likha. Aaj vaigyanik padaarth ke chhote kanon ko atom aur molecule kehte hain. Loha lohe ke atom se aur sona sone ke atom se bana hai. Hydrogen, oxygen aur sulfur jaise kuch tatvon ke atom akele nahi reh paate, isliye kuch atom milkar molecule banaate hain: do hydrogen atom milkar hydrogen molecule, aur do hydrogen atom aur ek oxygen atom milkar paani ka molecule banaate hain. Inke baare mein oonchi kakshaaon mein padhoge.
Ye kyun zaroori hai
Ye vichaar ki har cheez kanon se bani hai, vigyaan ke sabse kaam ke vichaaron mein se ek hai: ye pighalna, ubalna, ghulna, khushboo ka failna aur bahut kuch samjhaata hai. Teen avasthaayein padaarth ki avasthaayein mein hain, aur kanon ki jagah aur gati kanon ke beech doori aur gati mein. Har sawaal ke jawaab Chapter 7 ke NCERT solutions mein hain; poore Chapter 7 ke notes bhi dekho.
Practice karo
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Chalk ko peeskar powder banaana kaisa parivartan hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Bhautik parivartan
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Acharya Kanad ke vichaar kis granth mein hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Vaisheshika Sutras
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Paani ka ek molecule kisse bana hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) Do hydrogen atom aur ek oxygen atom
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Agar kursi ke saare constituent kan hata diye jaayein, to kya bachega?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Kuch nahi. Kursi, har padaarth ki tarah, poori tarah apne constituent kanon se bani hai, isliye unke bina kursi ka kuch nahi bachega.
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Ghulne ke baad cheeni paani mein hai, ye kaise pata chalta hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: Wo dikhti nahi, par paani har jagah se meetha lagta hai, isliye cheeni ke kan poore paani mein faile hone chahiye.
Students ke sawal
Constituent kan kya hain?
Ye kisi padaarth ki buniyaadi ikaaiyan hain. Chalk ka tukda, cheeni ka daana ya chattaan, sab inki bahut badi sankhya se bane hain. Ye itne chhote hain ki saadhaaran microscope bhi inhe nahi dikha sakta.
Padaarth ke kanon ko kya jode rakhta hai?
Unke beech ka aakarshan bal, jise interparticle aakarshan kehte hain. Iski taakat padaarth par aur kanon ki doori par nirbhar hai; doori thodi badhne par bhi ye bahut kamzor ho jaata hai, aur yahi tay karta hai ki padaarth solid hai, liquid hai ya gas.
Acharya Kanad ne padaarth ke baare mein kya kaha?
Praacheen Bharatiya chintak Acharya Kanad ne sabse pehle parmanu ki baat ki. Unka maanna tha ki padaarth chhote, avibhaajya, shaashvat kanon se bana hai, aur ye vichaar unke Vaisheshika Sutras mein likha hai. Aaj vaigyanik padaarth ke chhote kanon ko atom aur molecule kehte hain.
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