Class 6 Social Science Chapter 11: Grassroots Democracy — Part 2: Local Government in Rural Areas (Hinglish Notes)

Gaonon ko apni government kyun chahiye?

India mein lagbhag 600,000 gaon, 8,000 kasbe aur 4,000 se zyada shahar hain, aur 1.4 billion se zyada logon mein se lagbhag do-tihaai gaonon mein rehte hain. Lakshmanpur ko socho, Himalaya ki talhati mein lagbhag 700 logon ka gaon, jinme zyaadatar kisaan hain. Unhe kheton ke liye paani chahiye, bhaari baarish ke baad mukhya sadak ki marammat chahiye, aur primary school chalta rehna chahiye; kabhi zameen pe jhagda hota hai ya fasal chori ho jaati hai. Log har aisi baat ke liye State ya desh ki rajdhani nahi bhaag sakte. To faisla kaun karega, aur saadhan kahan se aayenge?

Panchayati Raj kya hai?

India ke har gaon ki tarah Lakshmanpur mein bhi local government hai jise Panchayat, yaani gaon ki parishad, kehte hain. Panchayatein shaasan ko logon ke paas laati hain aur unhe faislon mein sakriya hissa lene deti hain. Isiliye Panchayat system, yaani Panchayati Raj, self-government ka ek roop hai. Panchayatein local samasyaein sulajhaati hain, vikas badhaati hain aur pakka karti hain ki sarkaari yojanaon ka fayda zameeni level tak pahunche.

Teen tiers

Panchayati Raj neeche se upar teen levels pe kaam karta hai, isliye ise three-tier system kehte hain:

• gaon ke level pe Gram Panchayat (ya Village Parishad);
• block ke level pe Panchayat Samiti (ya Block Panchayat, ya Mandal Parishad);
• zile ke level pe Zila Parishad (ya District Panchayat).

Milkar inka kaam zile ki zindagi ke lagbhag har hisse ko dhakta hai: kheti, awaas, sadkein, paani ke saadhan, shiksha, swasthya, samaj kalyan aur saanskritik gatividhiyan. Panchayat Samiti Gram Panchayaton ko Zila Parishad se jodti hai. Ye saari Gram Panchayaton ke vikas plans ikattha karke zile ya State ke liye jodti hai, jisse projects aur Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana jaisi yojanaon ke liye funds milne mein madad hoti hai; ye yojana gaonon mein har mausam mein chalne waali sadkein banaati hai. Aur padho Panchayati Raj kya hai mein.

Gram Sabha aur Gram Panchayat

Gram Sabha gaon, ya paas-paas ke gaonon ke samooh, ke wo saare baalig hain jo voters ke roop mein darj hain. Isme mahilaayein aur purush apne ilaake ke saare maamlon pe charcha karte hain aur faisle lete hain, aur Gram Panchayat ke sadasyon ko seedhe chunte hain. Har Gram Panchayat ek head chunti hai, Sarpanch ya Pradhan; haal ke saalon mein zyaada se zyaada mahilaayein Sarpanch bani hain. Panchayat Secretary meetings bulaata hai aur records rakhta hai, aur India ke kai hisson mein Patwari gaon waalon ki zameen ke records rakhta hai, kabhi-kabhi peedhiyon purane naksho ke saath. Aur padho Gram Sabha aur Gram Panchayat mein.

Badlaav laane waale Sarpanch

• Dnyaneshwar Kamble, ek transgender vyakti, 2017 mein Maharashtra ke Solapur zile ke Tarangfal gaon ke Sarpanch chune gaye, chhe aur ummeedwaaron ko haraakar. Kamble ka motto hai lok seva, gram seva: gaon ki seva hi janta ki seva hai.
• Bhil samudaay ki Vandana Bahadur Maida Madhya Pradesh ke Khankhandvi gaon ki pehli mahila Sarpanch bani. Wo mahilaon ko Sabha ki meetings mein laayi aur shiksha aur safaai pe kaam kiya.
• Maharashtra ke Ahmednagar zile ke sookha-grast Hiware Bazar ke Sarpanch Popatrao Baguji Pawar ne baarish ka paani bachaane, watershed sanrakshan aur laakhon ped lagaane se bhoojal badhaaya. Gaon waalon ki madad se gaon hara-bhara aur sampann ban gaya, aur unhe 2020 mein Padma Shri mila.

Bachchon ki bhi aawaaz

Child-Friendly Panchayat Initiative ke tahat bachche Bal Sabha aur Bal Panchayat mein apne vichaar rakhte hain, aur gaon ke bade unki chintaaon ke hal dhoondhte hain. Maharashtra mein kuch Bal Panchayaton ne baal mazdoori aur baal vivaah ke khilaaf kaam kiya aur bachchon ko school wapas laaya. West Sikkim ki Sangkhu Radhu Khandu Gram Panchayat ne schoolon mein suraksha ki deewaarein aur mid-day meal ke liye rasoi banaayi. Gaon ke Rajasthan mein Barefoot College ki Children’s Parliament ne 8 se 14 saal ke bachchon ko chunaav karaane aur ‘Cabinet’ chalaane diya; ise 2001 mein World’s Children’s Honorary Award mila.

Sabki aawaaz

Teeno levels pe khaas niyam hain taaki vanchit varg apni zarooratein suna sakein, aur ek-tihaai seats mahilaon ke liye aarakshit hain. Panchayaton ka dhaancha State ke hisaab se thoda alag hota hai, kyunki un par States ka adhikaar hai, par maqsad ek hi hai: gaon waalon ko apne ilaake ke prabandh aur vikas mein sakriya hissa dena. Yahan democracy seedhe, Gram Sabha ke zariye, aur chune hue pratinidhiyon ke zariye, dono tarah kaam karti hai.

Arthashastra ka ek idea

Arthashastra, shaasan pe Kautilya (jo Chanakya ke naam se bhi jaane gaye) ka lagbhag 2,300 saal pehle likha granth, batata hai ki gaon se upar tak poora prashaasan kaise banaya jaaye: har 10, 100, 400 aur 800 gaonon pe ek mukhyalay. Aaj bhi aisa hi kadam-dar-kadam dhaancha istemaal hota hai. Chapter ke har sawal ka jawab Chapter 11 ke NCERT solutions mein hai.