Class 6 Social Science Chapter 3: Landforms and Life (Hinglish Notes)
Ye chapter 5 lines mein
Landforms dharti ki satah ki bhautik banaavat hain, jo laakhon saalon mein bani hain. Teen mukhya prakaar hain: mountains, jo oonche uthte hain aur jinki dhalaanein khadi aur choti patli hoti hai; plateaus, jo aas-paas ki zameen se upar uthte hain aur jinka upari hissa lagbhag samtal hota hai; aur plains, jo chaude, samtal aur neeche hote hain, aam taur par 300 metre se kam. Har landform ki apni jalvaayu, paudhe, jaanwar aur jeevan-shaili hai, chunautiyon aur avsaron ke saath. Registaan ek aur landform hai, aur insaan ne sabko apna ghar banaaya hai.
Kai nazaare, teen mukhya landforms
Chapter Atharva Veda ke Bhumi Sukta ki panktiyon se shuru hota hai, ek stuti jo dharti ki oonchaaiyon, dhalaanon aur bade maidaanon ki taareef karti hai aur dharti ko hamaari maa kehti hai. Zameen jagah-jagah bahut alag dikhti hai. Jharkhand ke Chhota Nagpur ilaake se sadak ke raaste Uttar Pradesh ke Prayagraj aur phir Uttarakhand ke Almora jaao, to teen bilkul alag nazaare milte hain.
Landform dharti ki satah ki ek bhautik banaavat hai. Landforms laakhon saalon mein bante hain aur maahaul aur jeevan se gehra rishta rakhte hain. Teen mukhya prakaar hain mountains, plateaus aur plains. Har ek ki apni jalvaayu, paudhe aur jaanwar hain, aur har ek pe alag sankhya mein log rehte hain.
Mountains
Mountains aas-paas ki zameen se kahin oonche hote hain, chauda aadhaar, khadi dhalaanein aur patli choti ke saath. Oonche pahaad saal bhar barf se dhake reh sakte hain; neeche har garmi mein barf pighalti hai aur paani nadiyon ko milta hai. Neeche oonchaai waale, kam khadi dhalaanon aur gol choti waale hisse hills kehlaate hain.
Zyaadatar pahaad parvat shrinkhlaaon mein hain, jaise Asia mein Himalayas, Europe mein Alps aur South America mein Andes. Mount Everest (8,848 m, Tibet (China) aur Nepal ke beech) aur Kanchenjunga (Nepal aur Sikkim ke beech) Himalayas ki do sabse oonchi chotiyan hain. Aconcagua Andes ki sabse oonchi choti hai, eastern Africa ka Kilimanjaro akela khada hai, Mont Blanc Alps mein sabse ooncha hai, aur Kerala ka Anamudi (Anai Peak) dakshin India ka sabse ooncha pahaad hai.
Himalayas jaise oonche, nukeeli chotiyon waale pahaad naye hain: dharti ke itihaas mein haal hi mein bane, phir bhi laakhon saal pehle, aur ab bhi badh rahe hain. Aravalli jaise neeche, gol pahaad kahin puraane hain, kataav se ghise hue. Aur padho mountains aur wahan ki zindagi mein.
Pahaadon ka maahaul aur zindagi
Pahaadi dhalaanein aksar montane forest se dhaki hoti hain, jisme pine, fir, spruce aur deodar jaise lambe, shanku-aakaar conifer ped hain; aur upar ped ghaas, moss aur lichen ko jagah de dete hain. Jungle, nadiyan, jheelein, ghaas ke maidaan aur gufaayein golden eagle, peregrine falcon, snow leopard, ibex, Himalayan tahr, yak aur black bear jaise jaanwaron ka ghar hain. Lagbhag 2,500 km lambi Ganga Himalayas se nikalti hai, aur Yamuna aur Ghaghara jaisi sahaayak nadiyan bhi.
Zameen ubad-khaabad aur khadi hai, isliye seedhi kheti sirf kuch ghaatiyon mein hoti hai; dhalaanon pe log terrace farming karte hain, aur kai pahaadi ilaakon mein kheti se zyada pashupaalan pasand kiya jaata hai. Tourism, skiing aur paragliding jaise khel, aur teerth yaatraayein kamaai laate hain, par bahut zyada paryatak naazuk maahaul ko nuksaan pahuncha sakte hain. Pahaadi zindagi ki chunautiyan bhi hain: landslides, avalanches, cloudbursts, flash floods, bhaari barfbaari aur thand. Bachendri Pal, Mount Everest chadhne waali pehli Indian mahila (1984), aur Arunima Sinha, jinhone ek pair khone ke baad 2013 mein Everest chadha, pahaadon se milne waale saahas ko dikhaati hain. Kai samudaay pahaadon ko pavitra maante hain: Tibetan log Everest ko Chomolungma aur Nepali log Sagarmatha kehte hain, aur Mount Kailash Hindu, Buddh, Jain aur Bon dharm maanne waalon ke liye pavitra hai.
Plateaus
Plateau aas-paas ki zameen se upar uthta hai aur iska upari hissa lagbhag samtal hota hai, aksar kuch taraf khadi dhalaanon ke saath. Plateaus naye ya puraane, aur kuch sau metre se kai hazaar metre tak oonche ho sakte hain. Tibetan Plateau, duniya ka sabse bada aur sabse ooncha, ausatan lagbhag 4,500 m ooncha hai aur ‘Roof of the World’ kehlaata hai; jwaalaamukhi gatividhi se bana Deccan Plateau sabse puraanon mein se ek hai.
Plateaus ‘khanijon ke bhandaar’ hain, isliye mining ek bada kaam hai: East African Plateau sone aur heeron ke liye mashhoor hai, aur Chhota Nagpur Plateau mein iron, coal aur manganese ke bade bhandaar hain. Kai plateaus ki mitti pathreeli aur kam upjaau hai, par lava plateaus pe aksar upjaau kaali mitti hoti hai. Plateaus pe shaandaar jharne bhi hain, jaise Cherrapunji Plateau se 340 m girne waale Nohkalikai Falls. Aur padho plateau kya hai mein.
Plains
Plains chaude, samtal ya halke lehraate ilaake hain, bina bade pahaadon ya gehri ghaatiyon ke, aam taur par samudra tal se 300 metre se zyada oonche nahi. Floodplains un nadiyon se bante hain jo pahaadon se shuru hokar talchhat (chattaan, ret aur gaad) uthaati hain aur maidaanon mein jama karti hain, jisse mitti bahut upjaau ho jaati hai. Isliye plains fasalon ke liye behad achhe hain, aur kheti mukhya kaam hai.
Pehli sabhyataayein upjaau maidaanon mein nadiyon ke kinaare viksit hui, aur aaj bhi duniya ki badi aabaadi plains mein rehti hai. India ki aabaadi ka ek-chauthaai se zyada, lagbhag 40 crore log, Ganga plain mein rehte hain, jo chaawal, gehun, makka, jau aur millets, aur kapaas, jute aur hemp jaisi resha fasalein ugaate hain. Nehron aur bhoojal se sinchaai ne paidaavaar badhaayi par bhoojal ghata diya; zyada aabaadi aur pradooshan doosri samasyaayein hain. Halki dhalaan se nadi mein naav chalaana aasaan hai, aur kai nadi-udgam aur sangam pavitra hain. Aur padho plains kya hain mein.
Registaan aur doosre landforms
Experts kuch aur landforms bhi bataate hain, jaise registaan: bahut kam varsha waale bade, sookhe ilaake, apne anokhe paudhon aur jaanwaron ke saath. Kuch garam hain, jaise Africa ka Sahara aur Indian subcontinent ke uttar-pashchim ka Thar; kuch thande, jaise Asia ka Gobi, aur kuch experts Antarctica ko bhi registaan kehte hain. Thar ke samudaayon ke paas registaan se jude lok geeton aur kahaaniyon ki samriddh parampara hai. Insaan ne har landform ko apna ghar banaaya, ye hamaari dhalne ki kshamta aur resilience dikhaata hai.
Paanch tinai
Praacheen Tamil Sangam kavita paanch landscapes, yaani tinai, bataati hai, har ek ki apni jeevan-shaili ke saath: Kurinji (pahaad; shikaar aur sangrah), Mullai (ghaas ke maidaan aur jungle; pashupaalan), Marudam (upjaau maidaan; kheti), Neydal (tat; machhli pakadna aur samudri yaatra) aur Palai (sookhe ilaake; yaatra aur ladaai). Ye landscapes ko group karne ka ek alag tareeka hai, jo ilaakon ki gehri samajh aur insaan aur prakriti ke gehre rishte ko dikhaata hai.
Har activity aur sawaal ke jawab Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions mein hain.
Key terms (zaroori shabd)
| Term | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Landform (bhoo-aakriti) | Dharti ki satah ki koi bhautik banaavat, jaise mountain, plateau ya plain, jo laakhon saalon mein bani. |
| Altitude (oonchaai) | Samudra tal se kisi cheez ki oonchaai, jaise pahaad, udte pakshi ya satellite ki. |
| Mountain (parvat) | Aas-paas ki zameen se kahin ooncha landform, jiska aadhaar chauda, dhalaanein khadi aur choti patli ho. |
| Hill (pahaadi) | Mountain se neecha oonchaai waala hissa, jiski dhalaanein kam khadi aur choti gol ho. |
| Mountain range (parvat shrinkhla) | Pahaadon ka samooh, jaise Asia mein Himalayas, Europe mein Alps aur South America mein Andes. |
| Montane forest | Pahaadi dhalaanon pe ugne waala jungle, aksar pine, fir, spruce aur deodar jaise shanku-aakaar conifer pedon ka. |
| Terrace farming (seedhi-daar kheti) | Pahaad ki dhalaan mein seedhiyan kaatkar fasal ugaana. |
| Plateau (pathaar) | Aas-paas ki zameen se upar utha landform jiska upari hissa lagbhag samtal ho, aur kuch taraf khadi dhalaanein hon. |
| Plain (maidaan) | Samtal ya halka lehraata chauda ilaaka, bina bade pahaadon ya gehri ghaatiyon ke, aam taur par samudra tal se 300 metre se zyada ooncha nahi. |
| Sediments (talchhat) | Chattaan, ret aur gaad (silt) ke kan jo nadiyan pahaadon se laakar maidaanon mein jama karti hain, jisse mitti upjaau banti hai. |
| Confluence (sangam) | Do ya zyada nadiyon ke milne ki jagah, jise India mein aksar pavitra maana jaata hai. |
| Resilience | Chunautiyon aur mushkilon ka saamna karne, unke hisaab se dhalne ya unhe paar karne ki kshamta. |
Is chapter ke topics
Practice karo
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Duniya ka sabse ooncha pahaad kaunsa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) Mount Everest
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Kis plateau ko ‘Roof of the World’ kehte hain?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Tibetan Plateau
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Plains aam taur par samudra tal se kitne se zyada oonche nahi hote?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (b) 300 m
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Pahaad ki dhalaan mein seedhiyan kaatkar fasal ugaane ko kehte hain:
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (a) terrace farming
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Inme se thanda registaan kaunsa hai?
Jawab dekho
Jawab: (c) Gobi
Students ke sawal
Class 6 SST Chapter 3 ke mukhya topics kya hain?
Landforms aur unke prakaar; mountains, hills aur parvat shrinkhlaayein; pahaadon ka maahaul aur wahan ki zindagi; plateaus, unke khanij aur jharne; plains aur Ganga plain ki zindagi; registaan; aur Tamil Sangam kavita ke paanch tinai.
Kya Landforms and Life naye Exploring Society book mein hai?
Haan. Landforms and Life, Class 6 Social Science ki textbook Exploring Society: India and Beyond (2026-27 session) ka Chapter 3 hai. Ye Chapter 2, Oceans and Continents, ke baad aata hai.
Chapter 3 ke end mein kitne sawaal hain?
“Questions, activities and projects” mein 5 sawaal hain. Hamaare NCERT solutions page pe in sabke jawab hain, saath mein Big Questions, har Let's Explore aur Think About It ke bhi.
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