Plains kya hain?

Plains ka matlab

Plains aise landforms hain jinki satah door tak samtal ya halki lehraati hoti hai. Inme bade pahaad ya gehri ghaatiyan nahi hoti, aur ye aam taur par samudra tal se 300 metre se zyada oonche nahi hote. Samudra tal (sea level) samudron ki satah ka ausat star hai, jise mean sea level bhi kehte hain; zameen ki oonchaai isi se naapi jaati hai.

Nadiyan floodplains kaise banaati hain

Floodplains ek tarah ke plains hain, jo parvat shrinkhlaaon se nikalne waali nadiyon se bante hain. Raaste mein nadiyan chattaan, ret aur gaad ke kan uthaati hain, jinhe talchhat (sediments) kehte hain. Ye talchhat ko maidaanon tak le jaati hain aur wahan, khaaskar baadh ke samay, jama karti hain. Talchhat mitti ko bahut upjaau bana deti hai, isliye ye maidaan har tarah ki fasal ke liye behad achhe hain, aur kheti mukhya kaam hai. Plains kai tarah ke paudhon aur jaanwaron ka bhi ghar hain.

Duniya ke bade nadi-maidaanon mein South Asia mein Ganga aur Brahmaputra aur Indus, China mein Yangtze, Africa mein Nile, aur America mein Mississippi aur Amazon ke maidaan hain.

Plains mein zindagi

Hazaaron saal pehle pehli sabhyataayein upjaau maidaanon mein nadiyon ke kinaare viksit hui. Aaj bhi duniya ki badi aabaadi plains mein rehti hai.

India ki aabaadi ka ek-chauthaai se zyada, lagbhag 40 crore log, Ganga plain mein rehte hain, jise Gangetic plain bhi kehte hain. Doosre kai maidaanon ki tarah:

• Log kheti aur nadi mein machhli pakadne ka kaam karte hain.
• Chaawal, gehun, makka, jau aur millets jaisi khaadya fasalein ugaayi jaati hain.
• Kapaas, jute aur hemp jaisi resha fasalein bhi ugaayi jaati hain.

Sinchaai aur uski keemat

Yahan paaramparik kheti zyaadatar baarish pe nirbhar thi. Pichhle kuch dashakon mein kheti sinchaai ki taraf mudi, jisme nehron ke jaal se paani laaya jaata hai ya bhoojal pump kiya jaata hai. Sinchaai se paidaavaar badhi, par bhoojal ghat gaya, jo is ilaake ki kheti ke bhavishya ke liye chunauti hai. Zyada aabaadi aur pradooshan Ganga plain ki doosri samasyaayein hain.

Nadiyan, yaatra aur sanskriti

Plains ki halki dhalaan se nadi mein naav chalaana aasaan hai, jo kai aarthik kaamon mein madad karta hai. Pehle log ek jagah se doosri jagah jaane ke liye nadiyon ka khoob istemaal karte the; aaj bhi Ganga ke kuch hisson mein log aane-jaane ke liye naav pasand karte hain.

Nadiyon ka bada saanskritik mahatva bhi hai. Kai samudaay nadi ke udgam aur uske sangam, yaani do ya zyada nadiyon ke milne ki jagah, ko pavitra maante hain. India mein aisi jagahon pe kai tyohaar, samaaroh aur reeti-rivaaj hote hain: Ganga aur Yamuna ke milan ki jagah Prayagraj ek jaana-maana udaharan hai.

Antariksh se plains

Uttar India ki satellite photo mein Ganga plain ek chauda hara hissa dikhta hai, jo maidaan ke kheton ka rang hai. Iske upar ek safed patti barf se dhake Himalayas ki hai, aur neeche-left ka bhoora hissa kam hariyaali waali sookhi zameen hai, pashchim ke registaan aur pathreeli oonchi zameen ki taraf.

Safar mein plains

Chapter ki road trip mein Prayagraj ke aas-paas ki zameen plain hai: samtal, upjaau aur kheton se hari, Ganga aur Yamuna se kati hui. Ye dakshin-poorab mein Chhota Nagpur Plateau aur uttar-pashchim mein Almora ke pahaadon ke beech hai.

Doosre landforms ke liye padho mountains aur wahan ki zindagi aur plateau kya hai. Textbook ke sawaalon ke liye dekho Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 3 ke notes.