Mountains aur wahan ki zindagi

Mountain kya hai?

Mountains aise landforms hain jo aas-paas ki zameen se kahin oonche hote hain. Inhe chaude aadhaar, khadi dhalaanon aur patli choti se pehchaan sakte ho. Oonche pahaad saal bhar barf se dhake reh sakte hain. Neeche har garmi mein barf pighalti hai aur paani nadiyon ko milta hai. Kam oonche, kam khadi dhalaanon aur gol choti waale hisse hills kehlaate hain.

Barf bas thos roop mein varsha hai. India ke zyaadatar hisse mein varsha baarish ya ole ke roop mein aati hai, par oonchaai pe, jahan kaafi thand ho, barf zameen pe narm safed chaadar bichha deti hai.

Parvat shrinkhlaayein aur mashhoor chotiyan

Zyaadatar pahaad parvat shrinkhlaaon mein hain, jinme kuch hazaaron kilometre lambi hain: Asia mein Himalayas, Europe mein Alps aur South America mein Andes.

• Mount Everest (8,848 m), Tibet (China) aur Nepal ke beech, aur Kanchenjunga, Nepal aur Sikkim ke beech, Himalayas ki do sabse oonchi chotiyan hain.
• Aconcagua Andes ki sabse oonchi choti hai.
• Eastern Africa ka Kilimanjaro akela khada hai; ye kisi shrinkhla ka hissa nahi.
• Mont Blanc Alps ka sabse ooncha pahaad hai.
• Kerala ka Anamudi (Anai Peak) dakshin India ka sabse ooncha pahaad hai.

Naye aur puraane pahaad

Himalayas jaise oonchi, nukeeli chotiyon waale pahaad naye hain: dharti ke itihaas mein haal hi mein bane, bhale hi wo bhi laakhon saal pehle tha. Himalayas ab bhi upar dhakele ja rahe hain, saath mein kataav bhi chal raha hai, isliye ye ab bhi oonche ho rahe hain. Aravalli Range jaise chhote, gol pahaad aur pahaadiyan kahin puraani hain aur kataav se gol ho gayi hain.

Pahaadon ka maahaul

Pahaadi dhalaanein aksar montane forest se dhaki hoti hain. Pine, fir, spruce aur deodar jaise conifer ped lambe aur shanku-aakaar hote hain, patli nukeeli pattiyon ke saath. Aur upar ped ghaas, moss aur lichen ko jagah de dete hain. Jungle, nadiyan, jheelein, ghaas ke maidaan aur gufaayein golden eagle, peregrine falcon, Canadian lynx, snow leopard, ibex, Himalayan tahr, mountain hare, yak, grey fox aur black bear ka ghar hain.

Pahaad badi nadiyon ko paani dete hain. Lagbhag 2,500 km lambi Ganga Himalayas se nikalti hai, aur Yamuna aur Ghaghara jaisi sahaayak nadiyan bhi. Kavi Kalidasa ne kam se kam 1,500 saal pehle apni kavita Kumarasambhava ki shuruaat Himalayas ki stuti se ki, unhe ‘parvaton ka raaja’ kaha jo pashchimi se poorvi samudra tak faila hai, jahan hawa utarti Ganga ki phuhaar laati hai aur deodar ke pedon ko hilaati hai.

Pahaadon mein zindagi

• Kheti: zameen ubad-khaabad aur khadi hai, isliye seedhi kheti sirf kuch ghaatiyon mein hoti hai. Dhalaanon pe log pahaad mein seedhiyan kaatte hain: ye terrace farming hai.
• Pashupaalan: kai pahaadi ilaakon mein kheti se zyada jaanwar paalna pasand kiya jaata hai.
• Tourism: saaf hawa aur sundar nazaare paryatakon ko kheenchte hain, aur kuch skiing, hiking, mountaineering aur paragliding ke liye aate hain.
• Teerth yaatra: sadiyon se log pahaadon ki pavitra jagahon ki yaatra karte aaye hain.

Par bahut zyada paryatak naazuk pahaadi maahaul pe dabaav daalte hain, aur sahi santulan dhoondhna aksar mushkil hota hai.

Pahaadi zindagi ki chunautiyan

Landslide pahaad se mitti ya chattaan ka achaanak gir padna hai. Avalanche barf, baraf ya chattaanon ka achaanak girna hai, aksar jab barf pighalne lagti hai. Cloudburst achaanak, tez baarish ka toofaan hai, jisse flash flood, yaani achaanak sthaaniya baadh, aa sakti hai. Bhaari barfbaari aur thand mushkilein aur badhaati hain. Phir bhi log apne ghar aur paramparaaon, saaf hawa aur sundarta, jungle aur paani, aur pashupaalan, tourism aur teerth yaatra se milne waale kaam ki wajah se pahaadon mein rehna chunte hain.

Saahas aur shraddha

Bachendri Pal ne mahilaaon ke kai parvataarohan dalon ki aguvaai ki aur 1984 mein Mount Everest chadhne waali pehli Indian mahila bani. Arunima Sinha ne 22 saal ki umr mein ek durghatna mein pair kho diya, phir Bachendri Pal ki training se 2013 mein Everest chadha aur aage har mahaadweep ki sabse oonchi choti chadhi. Kai samudaay pahaadon ko pavitra maante hain: Tibetan log Everest ko Chomolungma (‘duniya ki maa devi’) aur Nepali Sagarmatha (‘aakaash ki devi’) kehte hain, aur Mount Kailash Hindu, Buddh, Jain aur Bon dharm maanne waalon ke liye pavitra hai.

Doosre landforms ke liye padho plateau kya hai aur plains kya hain. Textbook ke sawaalon ke liye dekho Chapter 3 ke NCERT solutions; poore chapter ke liye Chapter 3 ke notes.